historical development of Islam during the caliphate of Abu Bakr Islamic Information
Period Islamic Caliph Abu Bakr
A.1. A Brief History of Abu Bakr
Abu Bakr Siddiq was born in the year 568 AD or 55 years before moving. He is the first Caliph of Al-Khulafa'ur caliphs, companions of the Prophet Muhammad were nearby and were among the first people to convert to Islam (as-sabiqun al-awwalun). His full name is Abdullah bin Abi Kuhafah at-Tamini.
In his childhood, Abu Bakar Abdul Kaaba. This name was given to him as a realization of the vow of his mother when conceived. Later the name was exchanged by the Prophet Muhammad became Abdullah bin Kuhafah at-Tamimi. Abu Bakr was given the title of the Prophet because he was the most rapidly converted to Islam, was the title of as-Siddiq, which means 'very justify' is a title given to him because he was very soon memberiarkan Prophet Muhammad in a wide variety of events, especially events "Isra Mi'raj". [1]
His father named Usman (also called Abi Kuhafah) bin Amr bin Amr bin Saad bin Taim bin Murra bin Ka'b bin Luayy bin Talib bin Fihr Nadr bin Malik bin. His mother named Um Khair Salma bint Sakhr. The lineage of his father and mother met at his grandmother named Ka'b bin Sa'd bin Taim bin Muarra. Both parents came from Taim tribe, the tribe that gave birth to many dignitaries.
Abu Bakr was a thinker who saw the idolatry of Mecca was a sheer ignorance and falsehood, he is the one who received the preaching without a doubt and he was the first to strengthen Islam and broadcast it. In addition, he likes to protect the weak with his own wealth and his tenderness.
In addition, Abu Bakr known nasab proficient in science (knowledge about the lineage). He mastered the various nasab tribes and tribes arab, even he can figure out highs and lows respectively in the Arab nation. [2] The death of Abu Bakr in the year 13 H night Tuesday, 7 Jumadil End at the age of 63 years, and caliphate run for 2 years and 3 months and 10 days, and was buried in the house 'Aisha beside the tomb of the Prophet Muhammad. [3]
A.2. The process of appointment of Abu Bakr
News of the death of the Prophet Muhammad, for the friends and kaumslimin is like lightning in broad daylight because it is their love of the Prophet. Especially for the friends who used to live together under her care. So that when the news of the Prophet's death circulated there people did not believe the news. Among them was a friend of Umar bin Khattab who flatly denied any person who brings news of his death. In the current exceptional circumstances this uproar companions Abu Bakr came to calm the uproar, he said in front of the crowd; "O people, who worshiped Muhammad, then Muhammad is dead, and whoever worship God, God's life will not die forever".
History records, that the most crucial issue after the prophet's death is a political issue, namely the determination of who is entitled to replace the prophet as a head of state (caliph). This issue is so important, so that the burial of the Prophet delayed. Concerning the replacement of the Prophet as the messenger has been set by the revelation and indeed Muhammad is the last Prophet and Messenger, while replacement as head of state is not governed by the revelation and prophet was no intestate. [4]
After the Muslims and the friends realize about the death of the Prophet Muhammad, Abu Bakr then shocked again with the misunderstandings between the Emigrants and the Helpers who will replace the prophet as caliph of the Muslims. Emigrants party wants from the class of Emigrants and the Helpers wants to lead the party. The situation is heating up even this can be overcome by Abu Bakr, by way of Abu Bakr offered two people to select which candidate caliph Umar bin Khattab or Abu Ubaidah bin Jarrah. But both of them actually shook hands and utter allegiance to Abu Bakr chose Abu Bakr.
There are several factors that underlie the election of Abu Bakr as the Caliph, namely:
As the Caliph Abu Bakr had two allegiance. First in Saqifa Bani Sa'idah known as Bai 'at Khassah and second in the Prophet's Mosque (Masjid Nabawi) in Medina, known as bai'at A' mmah.
After the event pembaitan in the Prophet's Mosque, Abu Bakr as caliph newly elected standing and speech. He started his speech with an oath to God and declared non berambisiannya to occupy the post of caliph. Abu Bakr later say "I have chosen to be a leader you all though I am not the best among you. Therefore, help me if I was on the right path and guide me if I made a mistake. The truth is a betrayal of trust and deceit are. People who are weak among you be strong in my view until I guarantee his rights if God willed and powerful man among you is weak in my view until I can grab the right thereof. Obey me as long as I obey Allah and His Messenger , and if I disobey Allah and His Messenger, do not follow me ". [6]
In the early days of the reign of Abu Bakr, colored with various chaos and rebellion, such as the emergence of apostates, active people who claim to be a prophet (the false prophet), the rebellion of some Arab tribes and many people who reject pay zakat.
Against all renegade groups and rebel Abu Bakr to take stern action. Assertiveness is supported by the majority of the people. To crush the entire uprising, he formed eleven troops each led by a formidable warlords, such as Khalid ibn Walid, Amr bin Ash, Ikrimah bin Abu Jahl, and Syurahbil bin Hasanah. In a short time the entire chaos and uprising in the country can be suppressed successfully. [7]
Abu Bakr became caliph for only two years. In the year 634 AD he died. The shortest period runs out to solve the problems in the country especially the challenge posed by the Arab tribes who do not submit again to the government of Medina. Because of stubbornness and their opposition to harm religion and government, Abu Bakr resolve this issue with the so-called Riddah War (the war against apostasy) and many heroes who contributed in the war was Khalid bin Walid.
A.3. Progress achieved Abu Bakr
The progress made during the reign of Abu Bakr for approximately two years, among others:
a. Improvement of social (community).
Social improvement made Abu Bakr is the attempt to create stability in the Islamic region with the success of securing the Arab lands of the manipulator (apostates, false prophets and those who are reluctant to pay zakat).
b. Expansion and development of Muslim territory.
The efforts taken for the expansion and development of Muslim territory Abu Bakr to expand the area outside the Arabian Peninsula. The target area is Iraq and Syria, which borders directly with the Islamic territory. The two regions, according to Abu Bakr to be conquered with the aim of strengthening the security of the Islamic territory from the invasion of the two superpowers, the Persian and Byzantine. To expand into Iraq, led by Khalid bin Walid, while Syria led to the three commanders, namely: Amr bin Ash, Yazid ibn Abu Sufyan and Surahbil bin Hasanah.
c. The collection of verses of the Qur'an.
While efforts are taken for the collection of verses of the Qur'an is at the proposal of Umar bin Khattab friend who was worried about losing the Qur'an after companions who memorized the Qur'an many who die in battle, especially when combating the false prophets , Another reason for the verses of the Qur'an are many scattered there written on the leaves, bark, bones and so on. It is feared easily damaged and lost.
On the proposal Umar Abu Bakr were initially rather heavy task, because had never done in the time of Prophet Muhammad SAW. However, for reasons that many rational Umar penghafal Qur'an friend who died on the battlefield and are feared to run out entirely, Abu Bakr finally agreed, and subsequently assigned to Zaid bin Sabit, the author of revelation at the time of the Prophet, to the task of collecting it ,
d. As the head of state and leader of the Muslims.
Progress carried as head of state and leader of the Muslims, Abu Bakr always imitate the behavior of the prophet Muhammad. That the principle of consultation in decision making as practiced by the Prophet Muhammad always practiced. He was very concerned about the state of his subjects and did not hesitate to help those in trouble. Against fellow companions also had great attention.
Friend who has held positions at the time of Prophet Muhammad SAW still left in his post, while the other companions who have not had positions in government also appointed based on ability and skills possessed.
e. Improve the welfare of the people.
While progress has been made to improve the general welfare, Abu Bakr established agencies "Baitul Mal", a kind of state treasury or financial institution. Custody of the Abu Ubaidah, companions of the Prophet Muhammad who was called "amin al-ummah" (community trust). In addition it also established that the chairman of the judiciary is entrusted to Umar bin Khattab. [8]
Another policy pursued by Abu Bakr equally divide the spoils of war (ghanimah). In this he differed with Umar bin Khattab who want services division performed by each friend. The reason given by Abu Bakr was all struggle waged in the name of Islam is going to get a reward and the reward of Allah in the hereafter. That's why let them inherit the same.
The big question that could be completed before the death of Abu Bakr is set caliph candidate will replace it. Thus he has narrowed the opportunities for the emergence of disputes among Muslims regarding the post of caliph. In setting the successor Abu Bakr did not choose a child or relative nearby, but chose another person who is objectively assessed able to carry out the mandate and duties as caliph, the friend of Umar bin Khattab. The choice itself is not decided, but dimusyawarahkannya advance with great friends. Once agreed upon, then he announced the caliphate candidate.
Abu Bakr with a very short reign (approximately two years) has successfully overcome challenges in the new country grew Medina it, and also prepare the way for the development and expansion of Islam in the Arabian Peninsula.
[1] Salabi, Islamic History and Culture (Jakarta: library Al Husna, 1983) points: 226
[2] http: // blogspot.com/2008/10/Kemajuan-Islam-Pada-Masa-Abu-Bakar-as.html.l
[3] DR. Sa'id Ramadan Al bouthy, Fiqh Siroh Nabawiyah: 353.
[4] Maidir Harun, History of Islamic Civilization, (Padang: 2001), p. 36
[5] http: // blogspot.com/2008/10/Kemajuan-Islam-Pada-Masa-Abu-Bakar-As.html
[6] Salabi, ibid, p. 227
[7] Maidir harun, op.cit. p. 46
[8] Maidir Harun, ibid. p. 52
Period Islamic Caliph Abu Bakr
A.1. A Brief History of Abu Bakr
Abu Bakr Siddiq was born in the year 568 AD or 55 years before moving. He is the first Caliph of Al-Khulafa'ur caliphs, companions of the Prophet Muhammad were nearby and were among the first people to convert to Islam (as-sabiqun al-awwalun). His full name is Abdullah bin Abi Kuhafah at-Tamini.
In his childhood, Abu Bakar Abdul Kaaba. This name was given to him as a realization of the vow of his mother when conceived. Later the name was exchanged by the Prophet Muhammad became Abdullah bin Kuhafah at-Tamimi. Abu Bakr was given the title of the Prophet because he was the most rapidly converted to Islam, was the title of as-Siddiq, which means 'very justify' is a title given to him because he was very soon memberiarkan Prophet Muhammad in a wide variety of events, especially events "Isra Mi'raj". [1]
His father named Usman (also called Abi Kuhafah) bin Amr bin Amr bin Saad bin Taim bin Murra bin Ka'b bin Luayy bin Talib bin Fihr Nadr bin Malik bin. His mother named Um Khair Salma bint Sakhr. The lineage of his father and mother met at his grandmother named Ka'b bin Sa'd bin Taim bin Muarra. Both parents came from Taim tribe, the tribe that gave birth to many dignitaries.
Abu Bakr was a thinker who saw the idolatry of Mecca was a sheer ignorance and falsehood, he is the one who received the preaching without a doubt and he was the first to strengthen Islam and broadcast it. In addition, he likes to protect the weak with his own wealth and his tenderness.
In addition, Abu Bakr known nasab proficient in science (knowledge about the lineage). He mastered the various nasab tribes and tribes arab, even he can figure out highs and lows respectively in the Arab nation. [2] The death of Abu Bakr in the year 13 H night Tuesday, 7 Jumadil End at the age of 63 years, and caliphate run for 2 years and 3 months and 10 days, and was buried in the house 'Aisha beside the tomb of the Prophet Muhammad. [3]
A.2. The process of appointment of Abu Bakr
News of the death of the Prophet Muhammad, for the friends and kaumslimin is like lightning in broad daylight because it is their love of the Prophet. Especially for the friends who used to live together under her care. So that when the news of the Prophet's death circulated there people did not believe the news. Among them was a friend of Umar bin Khattab who flatly denied any person who brings news of his death. In the current exceptional circumstances this uproar companions Abu Bakr came to calm the uproar, he said in front of the crowd; "O people, who worshiped Muhammad, then Muhammad is dead, and whoever worship God, God's life will not die forever".
History records, that the most crucial issue after the prophet's death is a political issue, namely the determination of who is entitled to replace the prophet as a head of state (caliph). This issue is so important, so that the burial of the Prophet delayed. Concerning the replacement of the Prophet as the messenger has been set by the revelation and indeed Muhammad is the last Prophet and Messenger, while replacement as head of state is not governed by the revelation and prophet was no intestate. [4]
After the Muslims and the friends realize about the death of the Prophet Muhammad, Abu Bakr then shocked again with the misunderstandings between the Emigrants and the Helpers who will replace the prophet as caliph of the Muslims. Emigrants party wants from the class of Emigrants and the Helpers wants to lead the party. The situation is heating up even this can be overcome by Abu Bakr, by way of Abu Bakr offered two people to select which candidate caliph Umar bin Khattab or Abu Ubaidah bin Jarrah. But both of them actually shook hands and utter allegiance to Abu Bakr chose Abu Bakr.
There are several factors that underlie the election of Abu Bakr as the Caliph, namely:
- a. According to the general opinion that existed at that time, a caliph (leader) must come from the tribe of Quraish; This opinion is based on the hadith of the Prophet Muhammad which reads "al-Quraishi aimmah min" (leadership was in the hands of the Quraysh).
- b. Companions agreed on a personal persona Abu Bakr as caliph because some of its virtues, among he is an adult male convert to Islam, he was the only friend who accompanied the Prophet at the time of migration from Mecca to Medina and when hiding in cave Tsur, he was appointed by the Prophet Muhammad for leading prayers when he was weak, and he was highborn, intelligent, and noble.
- c. He was very close to the Prophet Muhammad, both in the field of religion and kinship. He was a generous man who donated his property for the benefit of Islam. [5]
As the Caliph Abu Bakr had two allegiance. First in Saqifa Bani Sa'idah known as Bai 'at Khassah and second in the Prophet's Mosque (Masjid Nabawi) in Medina, known as bai'at A' mmah.
After the event pembaitan in the Prophet's Mosque, Abu Bakr as caliph newly elected standing and speech. He started his speech with an oath to God and declared non berambisiannya to occupy the post of caliph. Abu Bakr later say "I have chosen to be a leader you all though I am not the best among you. Therefore, help me if I was on the right path and guide me if I made a mistake. The truth is a betrayal of trust and deceit are. People who are weak among you be strong in my view until I guarantee his rights if God willed and powerful man among you is weak in my view until I can grab the right thereof. Obey me as long as I obey Allah and His Messenger , and if I disobey Allah and His Messenger, do not follow me ". [6]
In the early days of the reign of Abu Bakr, colored with various chaos and rebellion, such as the emergence of apostates, active people who claim to be a prophet (the false prophet), the rebellion of some Arab tribes and many people who reject pay zakat.
Against all renegade groups and rebel Abu Bakr to take stern action. Assertiveness is supported by the majority of the people. To crush the entire uprising, he formed eleven troops each led by a formidable warlords, such as Khalid ibn Walid, Amr bin Ash, Ikrimah bin Abu Jahl, and Syurahbil bin Hasanah. In a short time the entire chaos and uprising in the country can be suppressed successfully. [7]
Abu Bakr became caliph for only two years. In the year 634 AD he died. The shortest period runs out to solve the problems in the country especially the challenge posed by the Arab tribes who do not submit again to the government of Medina. Because of stubbornness and their opposition to harm religion and government, Abu Bakr resolve this issue with the so-called Riddah War (the war against apostasy) and many heroes who contributed in the war was Khalid bin Walid.
A.3. Progress achieved Abu Bakr
The progress made during the reign of Abu Bakr for approximately two years, among others:
a. Improvement of social (community).
Social improvement made Abu Bakr is the attempt to create stability in the Islamic region with the success of securing the Arab lands of the manipulator (apostates, false prophets and those who are reluctant to pay zakat).
b. Expansion and development of Muslim territory.
The efforts taken for the expansion and development of Muslim territory Abu Bakr to expand the area outside the Arabian Peninsula. The target area is Iraq and Syria, which borders directly with the Islamic territory. The two regions, according to Abu Bakr to be conquered with the aim of strengthening the security of the Islamic territory from the invasion of the two superpowers, the Persian and Byzantine. To expand into Iraq, led by Khalid bin Walid, while Syria led to the three commanders, namely: Amr bin Ash, Yazid ibn Abu Sufyan and Surahbil bin Hasanah.
c. The collection of verses of the Qur'an.
While efforts are taken for the collection of verses of the Qur'an is at the proposal of Umar bin Khattab friend who was worried about losing the Qur'an after companions who memorized the Qur'an many who die in battle, especially when combating the false prophets , Another reason for the verses of the Qur'an are many scattered there written on the leaves, bark, bones and so on. It is feared easily damaged and lost.
On the proposal Umar Abu Bakr were initially rather heavy task, because had never done in the time of Prophet Muhammad SAW. However, for reasons that many rational Umar penghafal Qur'an friend who died on the battlefield and are feared to run out entirely, Abu Bakr finally agreed, and subsequently assigned to Zaid bin Sabit, the author of revelation at the time of the Prophet, to the task of collecting it ,
d. As the head of state and leader of the Muslims.
Progress carried as head of state and leader of the Muslims, Abu Bakr always imitate the behavior of the prophet Muhammad. That the principle of consultation in decision making as practiced by the Prophet Muhammad always practiced. He was very concerned about the state of his subjects and did not hesitate to help those in trouble. Against fellow companions also had great attention.
Friend who has held positions at the time of Prophet Muhammad SAW still left in his post, while the other companions who have not had positions in government also appointed based on ability and skills possessed.
e. Improve the welfare of the people.
While progress has been made to improve the general welfare, Abu Bakr established agencies "Baitul Mal", a kind of state treasury or financial institution. Custody of the Abu Ubaidah, companions of the Prophet Muhammad who was called "amin al-ummah" (community trust). In addition it also established that the chairman of the judiciary is entrusted to Umar bin Khattab. [8]
Another policy pursued by Abu Bakr equally divide the spoils of war (ghanimah). In this he differed with Umar bin Khattab who want services division performed by each friend. The reason given by Abu Bakr was all struggle waged in the name of Islam is going to get a reward and the reward of Allah in the hereafter. That's why let them inherit the same.
The big question that could be completed before the death of Abu Bakr is set caliph candidate will replace it. Thus he has narrowed the opportunities for the emergence of disputes among Muslims regarding the post of caliph. In setting the successor Abu Bakr did not choose a child or relative nearby, but chose another person who is objectively assessed able to carry out the mandate and duties as caliph, the friend of Umar bin Khattab. The choice itself is not decided, but dimusyawarahkannya advance with great friends. Once agreed upon, then he announced the caliphate candidate.
Abu Bakr with a very short reign (approximately two years) has successfully overcome challenges in the new country grew Medina it, and also prepare the way for the development and expansion of Islam in the Arabian Peninsula.
[1] Salabi, Islamic History and Culture (Jakarta: library Al Husna, 1983) points: 226
[2] http: // blogspot.com/2008/10/Kemajuan-Islam-Pada-Masa-Abu-Bakar-as.html.l
[3] DR. Sa'id Ramadan Al bouthy, Fiqh Siroh Nabawiyah: 353.
[4] Maidir Harun, History of Islamic Civilization, (Padang: 2001), p. 36
[5] http: // blogspot.com/2008/10/Kemajuan-Islam-Pada-Masa-Abu-Bakar-As.html
[6] Salabi, ibid, p. 227
[7] Maidir harun, op.cit. p. 46
[8] Maidir Harun, ibid. p. 52
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