PART I
PRELIMINARY
HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION ISLAMIC Uthman Ibn Affan
Not orphans whose parents have died,
But it is actually orphaned Orphans orphan science and liver.
[Kitabu al-Adabi wa al-Mah fuzhoti]
A. Introduction
At the time of ignorance, Uthman ibn Affan, including one of the characters who are very respected and admired by the public. In addition to high rank, he is also very rich, shy, and his words were pleasing to the ear. Thus, people loved him very much. Uthman ibn 'Affan Ibn Ibn Abil Umaiyah Ash was born in a five-year-old Prophet and embraced Islam on the call of Abu Bakr Siddiq. [1] Her countless large and wealthy merchants, and very generous spend his wealth for the sake of Islam.
Uthman bin Affan Thalif born in the year 576 AD, the year after the events of the Elephant (al-Fil). He ascended served in usia70 year, namely in old age and in power for twelve years 23-35 AH / 644-656 AD). And died at the age of 82 years. Election against him took place in late Zulhijjah year 23 AH / 644 and inaugurated at the beginning of Muharram 24 AH / 644 AD Uthman ibn Affan, one who has given the good news and the guarantee go to heaven, he is among those who embraced Islam in the early period ( As-Shabiqunal Awwalun). He was also the one who is given the gift by God to marry the two daughters of the Prophet sallallaahu 'alaihi wasallam Ruqayah and Umm Kulthum because he is famous for Dzu Nur`ain (which has two light). And its most famous is he a shy this is in accordance with the word of the prophet who mensifatinya by saying "Did I not ashamed of people angel just embarrassed him".
Uthman ibn Affan, one of the companions of the Prophet Muhammad and was known as the Messenger of the third caliph. At the time of the Prophet was alive, Uthman was selected as one of the Prophet's secretary at once into the revelation writer Tim down and during the caliphate of Al Quran recorded in an orderly manner. Uthman kinship with the Prophet Muhammad met in order pedigree 'Abdu Manaf, the Prophet came from Bani Hashim, while Uthman of the Bani Umayyad. Between Bani Hashim and Banu Umayyad since long before the prophethood of Muhammad, known as two mutually hostile tribes and engage in fierce competition in every aspect of life. So do not be surprised if the process of conversion to Islam Uthman bin Affan considered an extraordinary thing, populist, and once heroic.
It is given that most of the Bani Umayyad, at the time of conversion to Islam Uthman, hostile to the Prophet and Islam. Uthman Bin Affan, the third caliph was elected by majority vote in the deliberations team Formation whose members are elected by the Caliph Umar Bin Khattab before his death. Currently occupying his mandate as caliph aged about 70 years, In his reign, the Arabs are at the beginning days of the change. It is characterized by the velocity and acceleration of economic growth due to the flow of the wealth of Islamic countries to the Arab lands in line with the ever-expanding areas touched religious symbols. Economic factors more easily obtained. While society has undergone a process of transformation of life understated urban communities towards lifestyle.
In the reign of Uthman management put some immediate family members strategic public office. This triggers an assessment to emphasize the occurrence of processes and motives of nepotism in the Uthman action. The list of families referred Uthman in government as an excuse nepotism motive is Muawiya bin Abu Sufyan, Abdullah bin Amar, Walid bin Ukbah, Abdullah Bin Sa'ad Bin Abu Sarah and some other friends. On the other hand Caliph accused of being corrupt and nepotistic in the case of funding khums (one-fifth of the booty treasure) to Abdullah Bin Sa'ad Bin Abu Sarah, to Mirwan bin Al Hakkam, and to Al Harith Bin Al Hakam.
With some policies that so many people who assess leadership smelling caliph of nepotism which later evolved to step conspiracy to topple the Caliph Uthman, and finally reached the stage of killing.
B.formulation of the problem
In the description of the background of the problem, the problem can be stated as follows:
1. How does the process of appointment of the caliph Uthman as well as measures of success were achieved.
2. What is the cause of the uprising at the time of Uthman?
3. How political policy Caliph Uthman related to alleged nepotism
4. How is the chronology of the murder of Caliph Uthman bin Affan
CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
B. CVs Uthman bin Affan [2]
Uthman bin Affan bin Abil 'Ash bin Umayya bin Abdusy bin Abdu Manaf bin Shams Qushai bin Kilab bin Murrah bin Ka'b bin Luwa'i bin Ghalib bin Fihr bin Malik bin an-Nadr bin Kinanah bin Khuzaimah bin Mudrikah bin Ilyas bin Mudar bin Nizar bin Ma'addu bin 'Adnan.
Abu Amr, Abu Abdullah al-Quraishi, al-Umawi Amirul Dzun Nurain believers who had emigrated twice and husband of two daughters of the Prophet. His mother named Arwa bint Kuraiz bin Rabi'a bin Hubaib Abdusy bin Shams and her grandmother Bidha named Umm Hakim bint Abdul Muttalib uncle of the Prophet. [3]
He is one of the ten companions who reported enter paradise and one of the members of the six members of the Shura and one of three candidates elected caliph and eventually became caliph in accordance with the agreement of the Emigrants and Helpers, also the third caliph, imam mahdiyin which ordered to follow in their footsteps.
C.Proses Caliphate Ustman Bin Affan
In the days of the caliphate of Umar bin Khattab, exactly when he was ill formed the council which consists of Ali bin Abi Talib, Ustman bin Affan, Sa'ad bin Abi Waqas, Thalha bin Ubaidullah, Zubair bin Awwam and Abdur Rahman ibn Auf. One son Umar, Abdullah added to the commission of the above but only have the right to vote and are not entitled selected.
The council known as Ahlul Halli wal Aqdi with the principal task of determining who should be the successor Caliph Umar bin Khattab to govern the Muslims. Caliph succession election is intended to reunite the unity of Muslims who at the time was showing signs of disintegration.
Friends who are members of the board, a balanced position is no more prominent so it is quite difficult to establish one of them as a substitute Omar. It is no wonder that in the trial occurred tug opinion very tough, although in the end, they decided Ustman bin Affan as caliph after Umar bin Khattab. [4]
D. Leadership and Action Caliph Uthman bin Affan
After the Caliph Umar bin Khattab passed away to Rahmatullah there are areas that defected against the Islamic government. The defection caused by supporters of the old government (local government before it goes into the territory of Islam) want to want to restore power. As was done by the emperor who tried to incite back Yazdigard Persian society in order to fight against the Islamic rulers. However, with the strength, the Islamic government managed to destroy the rebel movement at the same time continuing to expand to other Persian countries, so some big cities such as Hisrof, Kabul, Gasna, Balkh and Turkistan fell into Islamic territory.
As for the other areas that had defected to the Islamic government is Khurosan and Alexandria. Caliph Uthman sent Sa'd ibn al-Ash with Khuzaifah Ibn al-Yamaan as well as several other companions of the Prophet went to Khurosan country and up in a war Thabristan and great, so that residents admit defeat and ask for peace. Year 30 AH / 650 AD Muslim armies overran Khurazan.
In addition, Khalifah ibn Affan Ustman also sent Salman Al-Baini Robiah to preach to Armenia. He managed to invite the cooperation of Armenian population, those who oppose and fight the Muslims were forced to be broken and can take control of Armenia. The expansion of Islam entering Tunisia (North Africa) led by Abdullah bin Saad bin Abi Zarrah. Tunisia before the arrival of the Islamic forces had long been controlled by the Romans. Not only that at the time of bergubernurkan Syria Muawiyah, he managed to control Asia Minor and Cyprus.
Government era of Uthman, the countries that have entered into the rule of Islam, among others: Barqoh, Tripoli West, South partly nChange country, Armenia and some parts of the army even Thabaristan Islam has surpassed Jihun river (Amu Daria), the country of Balkh (Bactria), Hara, Kabul and Gzaznah in Turkistan. So the first 6 years of government Ustman bin Affan marked by the expansion of Islamic rule. Expansion and development of Islam during his reign has come to the whole region of Persia, Tebristan, Azerbizan and Armenia further expanded in Asia Minor and Cyprus the country, as well as Rhodes and Trasoxania. The protection of the Islamic forces, Asia Minor and Cyprus society and others willing to give tribute as they had done earlier in the period of Roman rule over the region.
E. Conflict and Political Crisis of Islam until his death
Ustman reign lasted for 12 years. In the early days of his reign, he succeeded so well that the Islamic Commander in Islam progress and prosperity rapidly. But in the last half period caliphate emerged feeling dissatisfied and disappointed Muslims against. Ustman Caliph is the leader of a very simple, soft-hearted and very pious, so that his leadership exploited by relatives of the great family of the
Umayyads to be a leader in these areas. [5]
In fact, according to Mufradi, one by one leadership in the areas occupied by the family of Muslim rule of Caliph Ustman. The officials were appointed Ustman among others:
1. Abdullah bin Sa'ad (milk sister Ustman) as the guardian of Egypt replaces Amr bin Ash.
2. Abdullah bin Amr bin Khuraiz as guardian of Basra replace Abu Musa Al-Asyari.
3. Walid bin Uqbah bin Abi Muis (milk sister Ustman) as trustee of Kufa replace Sa'ad bin Abi Waqos.
4. Marwan bin Hakam (family Ustman) as secretary Ustman Khalifah.
Appointments among family by Caliph Ustman have caused violent protests in the region and considers Ustman have done nepotism. [6]
According to Ali, the protests of people with charges of nepotism is groundless because private Ustman it clean. Appointment of relatives by Ustman not without consideration. This is demonstrated by the services created by Abdullah bin Sa'ad against the Roman army in North Africa as well as its success in establishing navy. It shows Abdullah bin Sa'ad is intelligent and capable, so appropriate to replace Amr ibn 'Ash elderly. Another thing is indicated when known Walid bin Uqbah commit the offense of drunk-drunk, she was sentenced to flogging and replaced by Skid bin Ash. It will not be done by Ustman, if he just wants his relatives sitting in the government.
The primary cause of all the protests against Ustman Caliph Marwan ibn Hakam was raised, because basically he is running all the wheels of government, while Ustman only the title of Caliph.
Discontent peaked when rebels from Kufa and Basra met and joined the rebels of Egypt. Their representatives demanded the appointment of Muhammad Ibn Abu Bakr as governor of Egypt.
The demand was granted and they come back. But on the way they found a letter which was brought by a special envoy whose contents that representatives were to be killed when it reached Egypt. Who wrote the letter according to them is Marwan ibn Hakam.
They asked Caliph Marwan Ustman handed, but was rejected by the Caliph. Ali bin Abi Tholib tried to reconcile but the rebels managed to encircle the house and killed the Caliph Ustman old when reading the Koran in 35 AH / June 17 656 M. This murder raises the turmoil in subsequent years, so that stems from this incident known as al-chapter al-maftukh (opening the door to civil war). [7]
Ibn Saba ', the full name of Abdullah ibn Saba', was a Jew from Yemen who converted to Islam. He is a provocateur who was behind the uprising against Ustman Khalifah bin Affan. Ibn Saba 'do everything that is based motivation itself to undermine the foundations of Islam that has been upheld by Muslims. Its intention to convert to Islam just as a mere guise to undermine the authority of the reign of Caliph Ustman, so came the riots in various parts of the Islamic rule of which is Fustat (Cairo), Kufa, Basra, and Medina.
In addition to these external factors (provocation of Ibn Saba '), the internal Caliphate Ustman bin Affan there is a long confrontation sticking back. The problem solely in the form of competition between the Bani Hashim and the Umayyads. While Ustman itself is one member of a large family of the Umayyads. In the historical context, the Bani Hashim since the first was on the Umayyads, especially on the problems of politics the Quraysh.
F. Alleged nepotism Usman bin Affan
Summon back the chronology surrounding the administration of Uthman Bin Affan, not an easy task to do. Especially when linked with the availability of data with sufficient quality and quantity. Efforts to discredit the administration of Uthman as nepotistic regime itself just departed from one point of view with arguments reveal the social-political motives alone. Moreover, more struggling in alleged creative and imaginative products. Available data sources mostly dominated by texts written during the Abbasid dynasty, which politically has been a rival for Muawiyah, family, and tribe, is no exception Caliph Uthman bin Affan. Therefore, the first difficulties to be faced is to filter the data valid rationalization between hatred and hostility were slipped in between the input data is available.
Islamic Propagation early Caliphate of Uthman bin Affan showed significant progress and development to continue the relay propaganda during the early caliphs. Islamic missionary reaching the border region of Algeria (Barqah and Tripoli to Tunisia), in the north include Allepo and most of Asia Minor. In the northeast to Transoxiana and throughout Persia and Balucistan (now Pakistan), as well as Kabul and Ghazni. Uthman also successfully established a naval fleet and strong so repulsed the Byzantine army offensive in the Mediterranean. It was the first victory of Islamic troops in combat dilautan.
As has been described above that, Uthman appoint family members as a public official. Among these are Muawiya bin Abu Sufyan. Muawiyah figure known as a skilled politician and an influential figure for the Arabs. [8] What has been appointed as regional head (Governor) Sham since the time of Caliph Umar Bin Khattab. Muawiyyah recorded demonstrating outstanding achievement and success in sharing the Byzantine army at the battle front facing north. Muawiyah was an accomplished statesman and hero figure of Islam select sparring during the caliphate of Umar and Uthman. Thus the accusation of nepotism Uthman obviously can not enter through the gap Muawiyah. Because he had been appointed as governor since the time of Umar. Not to mention his achievements instead easily be taken lightly.
Therefore, allegations of nepotism [9] on the leadership Uthman just political entrik by competitors who also have interests of power, it is seen from the presence of their reactions were deliberately muddy the order of government in a state of rocking, while searching for points of weakness which is owned by Caliph Uthman.
In the reign of the first four Righteous, every region enjoying full autonomy, except in financial problems remain linked and under the coordination of the central government treasurer. 'Amil (tithe collectors, a kind of treasurer) Kuffah then, Abdullah Bin Mas'ud, called as a witness in the trial over the incident. Abdullah Bin Mas'ud himself finally also dismissed as a result of the incident. Please note, Abdullah Bin Mas'ud including close relatives and tribesmen of the Caliph. Substitute Sa'ad Bin Abu Waqqas was Walid bin Uqbah, sepersusuan brother or stepbrother in other sources Caliph Uthman. However, because Walid have bad tempers (like drinking wine and behaved rudely), the Caliph Uthman fired and submit a new leadership election to the will of the people Kuffah. As is the case in Basyrah, the governor of the people's choice Kuffah proved less capable to govern and only last for a few months. At the request of the people, gubernatorial election re-submitted to the caliph. Ustman Bin Sa'id Bin Affan and then lift the 'Ash, nephew of Khalid Bin Walid and cousin Uthman, as governor Kuffah, because it is considered proficient and excel in the conquest of the northern front, Azarbaijan. [10] However, there is a conflict between the local community Sa'id so the caliph Uthman think again against the cousin placement. So then Sa'ad replaced his position by Abu Musa Al-Ash'ari, the former governor Basyrah. But stability is difficult Kuffah restored until the events of the death of the caliph. Nevertheless nepotism in the frame of meaning is difficult to prove a negative return.
While in Egypt, Ustman asking local financial statements to Amr bin Ash as governor and Hour Bin Abdullah Bin Abu Sarah as' Amil. Amil report assessed lame while Amr deemed to have failed to carry out the collection of taxes. Though the country is in need of funding for the development of the fleet in the face of attacks Byzantium. Caliph Uthman Amr bin Ash still wants to become governor of Egypt at the same time given a new role as warlord. But Amr refused to order the caliph with the words that are less pleasing to the caliph (vulgarity).
Amr bin Ash then later dismissed. While the ash Bin Abdullah Bin Hour sarah appointed to replace him as governor. But the new governor's policy in the field of agrarian less favored people that led to protests against the Caliph Uthman. From this event finally emerging issues Uthman nepotism in government. Outstanding issues of Egypt eventually led to the caliph was killed. [11]
One proof amplifier nepotism issue was initiated by the appointment of Marwan bin Hakam, Uthman's cousin-in-law, as secretary of state. But this accusation is basically just a flood of emotional turbulence and the reasons are sought. Marwan bin Hakam itself is a figure of integrity as well as her own State officials are planning expert who is well respected state, wise, expert reading the Koran, hadith narrators, and recognized his talents in many ways as well as instrumental tool set dose. [12]
Therefore it is proven that the Caliph Uthman bin Affan not pass nepotism and corruption during his tenure. This is consistent with the recognition of the caliph Uthman himself in one of his sermons, which states, "They accused me of being too loving family. But my love do not make arbitrary. I even take actions (to my family) if necessary. I did not take the slightest of property which is the right of the Muslims. Even at the time of the Prophet Muhammad else I give big donations, as well as during the caliphate of Abu Bakr and at the time of Caliph Umar9
In his sermon the caliph Uthman also expressed a strong evidence of the wealth they still have to argue the issue of corruption as follows, "When I was appointed for a caliphate, I respected the most affluent in Arabia, had thousands of sheep and thousands of camels. And now (after 12 years in office caliphate), Which was my fortune? Only live hundreds of sheep and two camels that I use for vehicles at every hajj season ".
G. Causes of Rebellion
The causes of the uprising that ended with the murder of Caliph Uthman can be examined from several aspects. First, that in the midst of society there are some groups who embraced Islam not fully conscious but rather to specific interests such as Abudullah ibn Saba ', the Yemenis who originally Jewish religion. They have spread incitement against Usman. The success of malicious propaganda Abdullah ibn Saba 'make multiply the number of rebel forces.
Second, rivalry and hostility between the family of Hashim and weaken the power of the Umayyad family Usman. Before the birth of the Prophet Muhammad has lasted two breeds that competition is still sisters. In the reign of Usman seed of hatred is growing back.
Third, the lack of leadership character Usman also helped underpin, particularly in the face of turmoil uprising. Usman is a simple personal and gentle attitude was incompatible in political affairs and pemerinthan, even more in critical condition. On such conditions it takes a firm stance to uphold the stability of the government. This attitude is not shared by Usman. In some cases it is too easy to forgive others even his enemies themselves are harmful.
Meek attitude encourages the parties intend to launch malicious intent. With his character Usman such is finally on June 17, 656 M Usman was killed by being stabbed by mob rebels suddenly surrounded the house at the time of Caliph Usman armpit he was reading the Koran. Politically motivated murder of Caliph Uthman upon impact terhadapsejarahIslamsesudahnya long.
CHAPTER III
CLOSING
Based on the study above it can be concluded that;
The issue of nepotism in government Uthman proved untrue. Because the quantity of state officials Uthman families compared with non-relatives obviously not the majority. The nepotism accusations only on the basis of at least the six cases above. While the number of public officials outside the family members are a majority of each action Othman has had a rationalization based on the needs of the times that occur as well as representing a policy that should be taken. While the failure of governance factors Uthman caused more stamina and his health condition. At the time of Uthman has appointed 70-year-old so that less free reign given the condition of his body so that at the end of his reign a few things can be resolved less satisfactorily.
Uthman was accused of nepotism by for giving privileges to his family that according to other friends who have violated the rules of government, so many friends that are more deserving than those appointed by the Caliph. Khalifah has violated the temple that he would follow the sunnah of the Prophet, Abu Bakr and Umar bin Khattab having melencengdariduakhalifahsebelumnya.
The uprising against Usman occur by many factors that lie behind them, but the peak of the uprising that occurs when there is a letter written by Usman suspected to kill Muhammad bin Abu Bakr, who turns out to be the perpetrator is Marwan, but the disappointment was increased again when the companions asked to the Deputy to submit Marwantapitidakdipenuhiolehkhalifah. A strong indicator of the murder of Usman is because no engineering against his self to drop the caliphate, and it becomes very clear when seen after his death in which Muawiyah make it as a reason for demanding the blood of a killer Caliph, but after he became caliph issue who the killer was not question.
In the other side of Uthman bin Affan is an outstanding figure of the leader associated with the service of Islam. During the Prophet was still waiting on the people, he is one of donors remains for propaganda. And in those days after that he is still a Muslim warrior who adhere to the establishment and become Muslim, so in his leadership as the caliph led to many significant advances.
The murder of Uthman is a form of dissatisfaction with the parties that in principle detrimental to the interests of the group, rather than a consideration of the benefit of Muslims.
PRELIMINARY
HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION ISLAMIC Uthman Ibn Affan
Not orphans whose parents have died,
But it is actually orphaned Orphans orphan science and liver.
[Kitabu al-Adabi wa al-Mah fuzhoti]
A. Introduction
At the time of ignorance, Uthman ibn Affan, including one of the characters who are very respected and admired by the public. In addition to high rank, he is also very rich, shy, and his words were pleasing to the ear. Thus, people loved him very much. Uthman ibn 'Affan Ibn Ibn Abil Umaiyah Ash was born in a five-year-old Prophet and embraced Islam on the call of Abu Bakr Siddiq. [1] Her countless large and wealthy merchants, and very generous spend his wealth for the sake of Islam.
Uthman bin Affan Thalif born in the year 576 AD, the year after the events of the Elephant (al-Fil). He ascended served in usia70 year, namely in old age and in power for twelve years 23-35 AH / 644-656 AD). And died at the age of 82 years. Election against him took place in late Zulhijjah year 23 AH / 644 and inaugurated at the beginning of Muharram 24 AH / 644 AD Uthman ibn Affan, one who has given the good news and the guarantee go to heaven, he is among those who embraced Islam in the early period ( As-Shabiqunal Awwalun). He was also the one who is given the gift by God to marry the two daughters of the Prophet sallallaahu 'alaihi wasallam Ruqayah and Umm Kulthum because he is famous for Dzu Nur`ain (which has two light). And its most famous is he a shy this is in accordance with the word of the prophet who mensifatinya by saying "Did I not ashamed of people angel just embarrassed him".
Uthman ibn Affan, one of the companions of the Prophet Muhammad and was known as the Messenger of the third caliph. At the time of the Prophet was alive, Uthman was selected as one of the Prophet's secretary at once into the revelation writer Tim down and during the caliphate of Al Quran recorded in an orderly manner. Uthman kinship with the Prophet Muhammad met in order pedigree 'Abdu Manaf, the Prophet came from Bani Hashim, while Uthman of the Bani Umayyad. Between Bani Hashim and Banu Umayyad since long before the prophethood of Muhammad, known as two mutually hostile tribes and engage in fierce competition in every aspect of life. So do not be surprised if the process of conversion to Islam Uthman bin Affan considered an extraordinary thing, populist, and once heroic.
It is given that most of the Bani Umayyad, at the time of conversion to Islam Uthman, hostile to the Prophet and Islam. Uthman Bin Affan, the third caliph was elected by majority vote in the deliberations team Formation whose members are elected by the Caliph Umar Bin Khattab before his death. Currently occupying his mandate as caliph aged about 70 years, In his reign, the Arabs are at the beginning days of the change. It is characterized by the velocity and acceleration of economic growth due to the flow of the wealth of Islamic countries to the Arab lands in line with the ever-expanding areas touched religious symbols. Economic factors more easily obtained. While society has undergone a process of transformation of life understated urban communities towards lifestyle.
In the reign of Uthman management put some immediate family members strategic public office. This triggers an assessment to emphasize the occurrence of processes and motives of nepotism in the Uthman action. The list of families referred Uthman in government as an excuse nepotism motive is Muawiya bin Abu Sufyan, Abdullah bin Amar, Walid bin Ukbah, Abdullah Bin Sa'ad Bin Abu Sarah and some other friends. On the other hand Caliph accused of being corrupt and nepotistic in the case of funding khums (one-fifth of the booty treasure) to Abdullah Bin Sa'ad Bin Abu Sarah, to Mirwan bin Al Hakkam, and to Al Harith Bin Al Hakam.
With some policies that so many people who assess leadership smelling caliph of nepotism which later evolved to step conspiracy to topple the Caliph Uthman, and finally reached the stage of killing.
B.formulation of the problem
In the description of the background of the problem, the problem can be stated as follows:
1. How does the process of appointment of the caliph Uthman as well as measures of success were achieved.
2. What is the cause of the uprising at the time of Uthman?
3. How political policy Caliph Uthman related to alleged nepotism
4. How is the chronology of the murder of Caliph Uthman bin Affan
CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
B. CVs Uthman bin Affan [2]
Uthman bin Affan bin Abil 'Ash bin Umayya bin Abdusy bin Abdu Manaf bin Shams Qushai bin Kilab bin Murrah bin Ka'b bin Luwa'i bin Ghalib bin Fihr bin Malik bin an-Nadr bin Kinanah bin Khuzaimah bin Mudrikah bin Ilyas bin Mudar bin Nizar bin Ma'addu bin 'Adnan.
Abu Amr, Abu Abdullah al-Quraishi, al-Umawi Amirul Dzun Nurain believers who had emigrated twice and husband of two daughters of the Prophet. His mother named Arwa bint Kuraiz bin Rabi'a bin Hubaib Abdusy bin Shams and her grandmother Bidha named Umm Hakim bint Abdul Muttalib uncle of the Prophet. [3]
He is one of the ten companions who reported enter paradise and one of the members of the six members of the Shura and one of three candidates elected caliph and eventually became caliph in accordance with the agreement of the Emigrants and Helpers, also the third caliph, imam mahdiyin which ordered to follow in their footsteps.
C.Proses Caliphate Ustman Bin Affan
In the days of the caliphate of Umar bin Khattab, exactly when he was ill formed the council which consists of Ali bin Abi Talib, Ustman bin Affan, Sa'ad bin Abi Waqas, Thalha bin Ubaidullah, Zubair bin Awwam and Abdur Rahman ibn Auf. One son Umar, Abdullah added to the commission of the above but only have the right to vote and are not entitled selected.
The council known as Ahlul Halli wal Aqdi with the principal task of determining who should be the successor Caliph Umar bin Khattab to govern the Muslims. Caliph succession election is intended to reunite the unity of Muslims who at the time was showing signs of disintegration.
Friends who are members of the board, a balanced position is no more prominent so it is quite difficult to establish one of them as a substitute Omar. It is no wonder that in the trial occurred tug opinion very tough, although in the end, they decided Ustman bin Affan as caliph after Umar bin Khattab. [4]
D. Leadership and Action Caliph Uthman bin Affan
After the Caliph Umar bin Khattab passed away to Rahmatullah there are areas that defected against the Islamic government. The defection caused by supporters of the old government (local government before it goes into the territory of Islam) want to want to restore power. As was done by the emperor who tried to incite back Yazdigard Persian society in order to fight against the Islamic rulers. However, with the strength, the Islamic government managed to destroy the rebel movement at the same time continuing to expand to other Persian countries, so some big cities such as Hisrof, Kabul, Gasna, Balkh and Turkistan fell into Islamic territory.
As for the other areas that had defected to the Islamic government is Khurosan and Alexandria. Caliph Uthman sent Sa'd ibn al-Ash with Khuzaifah Ibn al-Yamaan as well as several other companions of the Prophet went to Khurosan country and up in a war Thabristan and great, so that residents admit defeat and ask for peace. Year 30 AH / 650 AD Muslim armies overran Khurazan.
In addition, Khalifah ibn Affan Ustman also sent Salman Al-Baini Robiah to preach to Armenia. He managed to invite the cooperation of Armenian population, those who oppose and fight the Muslims were forced to be broken and can take control of Armenia. The expansion of Islam entering Tunisia (North Africa) led by Abdullah bin Saad bin Abi Zarrah. Tunisia before the arrival of the Islamic forces had long been controlled by the Romans. Not only that at the time of bergubernurkan Syria Muawiyah, he managed to control Asia Minor and Cyprus.
Government era of Uthman, the countries that have entered into the rule of Islam, among others: Barqoh, Tripoli West, South partly nChange country, Armenia and some parts of the army even Thabaristan Islam has surpassed Jihun river (Amu Daria), the country of Balkh (Bactria), Hara, Kabul and Gzaznah in Turkistan. So the first 6 years of government Ustman bin Affan marked by the expansion of Islamic rule. Expansion and development of Islam during his reign has come to the whole region of Persia, Tebristan, Azerbizan and Armenia further expanded in Asia Minor and Cyprus the country, as well as Rhodes and Trasoxania. The protection of the Islamic forces, Asia Minor and Cyprus society and others willing to give tribute as they had done earlier in the period of Roman rule over the region.
E. Conflict and Political Crisis of Islam until his death
Ustman reign lasted for 12 years. In the early days of his reign, he succeeded so well that the Islamic Commander in Islam progress and prosperity rapidly. But in the last half period caliphate emerged feeling dissatisfied and disappointed Muslims against. Ustman Caliph is the leader of a very simple, soft-hearted and very pious, so that his leadership exploited by relatives of the great family of the
Umayyads to be a leader in these areas. [5]
In fact, according to Mufradi, one by one leadership in the areas occupied by the family of Muslim rule of Caliph Ustman. The officials were appointed Ustman among others:
1. Abdullah bin Sa'ad (milk sister Ustman) as the guardian of Egypt replaces Amr bin Ash.
2. Abdullah bin Amr bin Khuraiz as guardian of Basra replace Abu Musa Al-Asyari.
3. Walid bin Uqbah bin Abi Muis (milk sister Ustman) as trustee of Kufa replace Sa'ad bin Abi Waqos.
4. Marwan bin Hakam (family Ustman) as secretary Ustman Khalifah.
Appointments among family by Caliph Ustman have caused violent protests in the region and considers Ustman have done nepotism. [6]
According to Ali, the protests of people with charges of nepotism is groundless because private Ustman it clean. Appointment of relatives by Ustman not without consideration. This is demonstrated by the services created by Abdullah bin Sa'ad against the Roman army in North Africa as well as its success in establishing navy. It shows Abdullah bin Sa'ad is intelligent and capable, so appropriate to replace Amr ibn 'Ash elderly. Another thing is indicated when known Walid bin Uqbah commit the offense of drunk-drunk, she was sentenced to flogging and replaced by Skid bin Ash. It will not be done by Ustman, if he just wants his relatives sitting in the government.
The primary cause of all the protests against Ustman Caliph Marwan ibn Hakam was raised, because basically he is running all the wheels of government, while Ustman only the title of Caliph.
Discontent peaked when rebels from Kufa and Basra met and joined the rebels of Egypt. Their representatives demanded the appointment of Muhammad Ibn Abu Bakr as governor of Egypt.
The demand was granted and they come back. But on the way they found a letter which was brought by a special envoy whose contents that representatives were to be killed when it reached Egypt. Who wrote the letter according to them is Marwan ibn Hakam.
They asked Caliph Marwan Ustman handed, but was rejected by the Caliph. Ali bin Abi Tholib tried to reconcile but the rebels managed to encircle the house and killed the Caliph Ustman old when reading the Koran in 35 AH / June 17 656 M. This murder raises the turmoil in subsequent years, so that stems from this incident known as al-chapter al-maftukh (opening the door to civil war). [7]
Ibn Saba ', the full name of Abdullah ibn Saba', was a Jew from Yemen who converted to Islam. He is a provocateur who was behind the uprising against Ustman Khalifah bin Affan. Ibn Saba 'do everything that is based motivation itself to undermine the foundations of Islam that has been upheld by Muslims. Its intention to convert to Islam just as a mere guise to undermine the authority of the reign of Caliph Ustman, so came the riots in various parts of the Islamic rule of which is Fustat (Cairo), Kufa, Basra, and Medina.
In addition to these external factors (provocation of Ibn Saba '), the internal Caliphate Ustman bin Affan there is a long confrontation sticking back. The problem solely in the form of competition between the Bani Hashim and the Umayyads. While Ustman itself is one member of a large family of the Umayyads. In the historical context, the Bani Hashim since the first was on the Umayyads, especially on the problems of politics the Quraysh.
F. Alleged nepotism Usman bin Affan
Summon back the chronology surrounding the administration of Uthman Bin Affan, not an easy task to do. Especially when linked with the availability of data with sufficient quality and quantity. Efforts to discredit the administration of Uthman as nepotistic regime itself just departed from one point of view with arguments reveal the social-political motives alone. Moreover, more struggling in alleged creative and imaginative products. Available data sources mostly dominated by texts written during the Abbasid dynasty, which politically has been a rival for Muawiyah, family, and tribe, is no exception Caliph Uthman bin Affan. Therefore, the first difficulties to be faced is to filter the data valid rationalization between hatred and hostility were slipped in between the input data is available.
Islamic Propagation early Caliphate of Uthman bin Affan showed significant progress and development to continue the relay propaganda during the early caliphs. Islamic missionary reaching the border region of Algeria (Barqah and Tripoli to Tunisia), in the north include Allepo and most of Asia Minor. In the northeast to Transoxiana and throughout Persia and Balucistan (now Pakistan), as well as Kabul and Ghazni. Uthman also successfully established a naval fleet and strong so repulsed the Byzantine army offensive in the Mediterranean. It was the first victory of Islamic troops in combat dilautan.
As has been described above that, Uthman appoint family members as a public official. Among these are Muawiya bin Abu Sufyan. Muawiyah figure known as a skilled politician and an influential figure for the Arabs. [8] What has been appointed as regional head (Governor) Sham since the time of Caliph Umar Bin Khattab. Muawiyyah recorded demonstrating outstanding achievement and success in sharing the Byzantine army at the battle front facing north. Muawiyah was an accomplished statesman and hero figure of Islam select sparring during the caliphate of Umar and Uthman. Thus the accusation of nepotism Uthman obviously can not enter through the gap Muawiyah. Because he had been appointed as governor since the time of Umar. Not to mention his achievements instead easily be taken lightly.
Therefore, allegations of nepotism [9] on the leadership Uthman just political entrik by competitors who also have interests of power, it is seen from the presence of their reactions were deliberately muddy the order of government in a state of rocking, while searching for points of weakness which is owned by Caliph Uthman.
In the reign of the first four Righteous, every region enjoying full autonomy, except in financial problems remain linked and under the coordination of the central government treasurer. 'Amil (tithe collectors, a kind of treasurer) Kuffah then, Abdullah Bin Mas'ud, called as a witness in the trial over the incident. Abdullah Bin Mas'ud himself finally also dismissed as a result of the incident. Please note, Abdullah Bin Mas'ud including close relatives and tribesmen of the Caliph. Substitute Sa'ad Bin Abu Waqqas was Walid bin Uqbah, sepersusuan brother or stepbrother in other sources Caliph Uthman. However, because Walid have bad tempers (like drinking wine and behaved rudely), the Caliph Uthman fired and submit a new leadership election to the will of the people Kuffah. As is the case in Basyrah, the governor of the people's choice Kuffah proved less capable to govern and only last for a few months. At the request of the people, gubernatorial election re-submitted to the caliph. Ustman Bin Sa'id Bin Affan and then lift the 'Ash, nephew of Khalid Bin Walid and cousin Uthman, as governor Kuffah, because it is considered proficient and excel in the conquest of the northern front, Azarbaijan. [10] However, there is a conflict between the local community Sa'id so the caliph Uthman think again against the cousin placement. So then Sa'ad replaced his position by Abu Musa Al-Ash'ari, the former governor Basyrah. But stability is difficult Kuffah restored until the events of the death of the caliph. Nevertheless nepotism in the frame of meaning is difficult to prove a negative return.
While in Egypt, Ustman asking local financial statements to Amr bin Ash as governor and Hour Bin Abdullah Bin Abu Sarah as' Amil. Amil report assessed lame while Amr deemed to have failed to carry out the collection of taxes. Though the country is in need of funding for the development of the fleet in the face of attacks Byzantium. Caliph Uthman Amr bin Ash still wants to become governor of Egypt at the same time given a new role as warlord. But Amr refused to order the caliph with the words that are less pleasing to the caliph (vulgarity).
Amr bin Ash then later dismissed. While the ash Bin Abdullah Bin Hour sarah appointed to replace him as governor. But the new governor's policy in the field of agrarian less favored people that led to protests against the Caliph Uthman. From this event finally emerging issues Uthman nepotism in government. Outstanding issues of Egypt eventually led to the caliph was killed. [11]
One proof amplifier nepotism issue was initiated by the appointment of Marwan bin Hakam, Uthman's cousin-in-law, as secretary of state. But this accusation is basically just a flood of emotional turbulence and the reasons are sought. Marwan bin Hakam itself is a figure of integrity as well as her own State officials are planning expert who is well respected state, wise, expert reading the Koran, hadith narrators, and recognized his talents in many ways as well as instrumental tool set dose. [12]
Therefore it is proven that the Caliph Uthman bin Affan not pass nepotism and corruption during his tenure. This is consistent with the recognition of the caliph Uthman himself in one of his sermons, which states, "They accused me of being too loving family. But my love do not make arbitrary. I even take actions (to my family) if necessary. I did not take the slightest of property which is the right of the Muslims. Even at the time of the Prophet Muhammad else I give big donations, as well as during the caliphate of Abu Bakr and at the time of Caliph Umar9
In his sermon the caliph Uthman also expressed a strong evidence of the wealth they still have to argue the issue of corruption as follows, "When I was appointed for a caliphate, I respected the most affluent in Arabia, had thousands of sheep and thousands of camels. And now (after 12 years in office caliphate), Which was my fortune? Only live hundreds of sheep and two camels that I use for vehicles at every hajj season ".
G. Causes of Rebellion
The causes of the uprising that ended with the murder of Caliph Uthman can be examined from several aspects. First, that in the midst of society there are some groups who embraced Islam not fully conscious but rather to specific interests such as Abudullah ibn Saba ', the Yemenis who originally Jewish religion. They have spread incitement against Usman. The success of malicious propaganda Abdullah ibn Saba 'make multiply the number of rebel forces.
Second, rivalry and hostility between the family of Hashim and weaken the power of the Umayyad family Usman. Before the birth of the Prophet Muhammad has lasted two breeds that competition is still sisters. In the reign of Usman seed of hatred is growing back.
Third, the lack of leadership character Usman also helped underpin, particularly in the face of turmoil uprising. Usman is a simple personal and gentle attitude was incompatible in political affairs and pemerinthan, even more in critical condition. On such conditions it takes a firm stance to uphold the stability of the government. This attitude is not shared by Usman. In some cases it is too easy to forgive others even his enemies themselves are harmful.
Meek attitude encourages the parties intend to launch malicious intent. With his character Usman such is finally on June 17, 656 M Usman was killed by being stabbed by mob rebels suddenly surrounded the house at the time of Caliph Usman armpit he was reading the Koran. Politically motivated murder of Caliph Uthman upon impact terhadapsejarahIslamsesudahnya long.
CHAPTER III
CLOSING
Based on the study above it can be concluded that;
The issue of nepotism in government Uthman proved untrue. Because the quantity of state officials Uthman families compared with non-relatives obviously not the majority. The nepotism accusations only on the basis of at least the six cases above. While the number of public officials outside the family members are a majority of each action Othman has had a rationalization based on the needs of the times that occur as well as representing a policy that should be taken. While the failure of governance factors Uthman caused more stamina and his health condition. At the time of Uthman has appointed 70-year-old so that less free reign given the condition of his body so that at the end of his reign a few things can be resolved less satisfactorily.
Uthman was accused of nepotism by for giving privileges to his family that according to other friends who have violated the rules of government, so many friends that are more deserving than those appointed by the Caliph. Khalifah has violated the temple that he would follow the sunnah of the Prophet, Abu Bakr and Umar bin Khattab having melencengdariduakhalifahsebelumnya.
The uprising against Usman occur by many factors that lie behind them, but the peak of the uprising that occurs when there is a letter written by Usman suspected to kill Muhammad bin Abu Bakr, who turns out to be the perpetrator is Marwan, but the disappointment was increased again when the companions asked to the Deputy to submit Marwantapitidakdipenuhiolehkhalifah. A strong indicator of the murder of Usman is because no engineering against his self to drop the caliphate, and it becomes very clear when seen after his death in which Muawiyah make it as a reason for demanding the blood of a killer Caliph, but after he became caliph issue who the killer was not question.
In the other side of Uthman bin Affan is an outstanding figure of the leader associated with the service of Islam. During the Prophet was still waiting on the people, he is one of donors remains for propaganda. And in those days after that he is still a Muslim warrior who adhere to the establishment and become Muslim, so in his leadership as the caliph led to many significant advances.
The murder of Uthman is a form of dissatisfaction with the parties that in principle detrimental to the interests of the group, rather than a consideration of the benefit of Muslims.
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