A. History Genealogy descendants of Umar bin Khattab
Umar (583-644) had the full name of Umar bin Khattab bin Nufail bin Abd Al-Uzza bin Ribaah bin Abdillah bin Qart bin razail ibn 'Adi bin Ka'b bin Lu'ay, is the second caliph who succeeded Abu Bakr Ash Siddiq. Umar was born in Mecca in the year 583 AD, twelve years younger than the Prophet Umar also includes descendants of Bani Tribe kelurga of Ady (Bani Ady). Tribe highly respected and high standing among the people of Quraysh before Islam. Umar has a robust posture and strong, tough character, brave and knows no trepidation, clever fight, whoever the enemy that confronts it will be to its knees. He has exceptional intelligence, able to predict things that will happen in the future, said the language is smooth and fluent speech.
Umar bin Khatthab is one of the largest in the history of the companions of the Prophet Muhammad after SAW.Peranan umar in the early period of Islamic history is the most prominent because they extension of its territory, in addition to the policies of another political. The existence of large-scale conquest during the reign of Umar is a fact recognized by historians truth. In fact, some say, that if not because of conquests carried out at the time of Umar, Isalm not be able to flourish as today.
Caliph Umar is known as a leader who is very dear to the people because of the attention and extraordinary responsibilities to its people. One habit is to supervise directly and alone around town supervise people's lives.
Before embracing Islam, as is the tradition of the ignorance mecca that time, Umar bury his daughter alive. As he puts it himself, "I cried when digging the grave for my daughter. She developed and then combed beard". Drunkenness is also a common thing among the Quraysh. Some accounts say that in pre-Islamic times, Umar like to drink wine. After becoming a Muslim, he did not touch alcohol at all, although it has not lowered the prohibition to drink alcohol (intoxicating) explicitly.
Umar bin Khatthab is a mujtahid who is an expert in building large state established on the principles of justice, equality, and fraternity taught by the Prophet Muhammad. In many ways Umar bin Khatthab known as the man who is very wise and creative, even genius. Some advantages of Umar, making increasingly respected position among the Arab public, so that the Quraysh gave the title "Lion of the Desert", and because intelligence and speed of thinking, he was nicknamed "Abu Faiz".
Among the family of Umar bin Khattab who has received guidance and embrace Islam is Sa'd bin Zaid, who is the brother-in-law who had married Umar Umar sister named Fatimah, who also converted to Islam. Nu'ami bin Abdullah, is also a member of the family is quite charismatic Umar has expressed his Islam.
Such conditions provide its own influence to Umar bin Khattab, so it is not surprising that Umar was furious with his family members who have left the teachings of his ancestors. Umar's anger does not seem to be drawn to kelurganya, but also the main cause sehigga family left the old teachings. According to Umar, the cause was none other than Muhammad who has developed a mission in the Arab region. Therefore, do not be surprised if Umar is a most fiercely hostile to Muslims.
After he watched the family and some Arab states to convert to Islam then the dialogue of thought within himself, the dialogue as contemplation that sometimes a battle to determine the nature and the search for truth. When Umar narrated get his brother was reciting the Quran with a beautiful voice, emotion redamlah Umar. After that he came to the Prophet Muhammad and expressed converted to Islam in the sixth year of the prophetic period. Umar Islam brings great influence to the struggle of the Prophet Muhammad.
B. History Log Islam Umar bin Khatthab
We saw earlier that Umar bin Khatthab born in Mecca of Quraish tribe who respected and honored. The Prophet 'alaihis-salam is eager to Islam can be strengthened by a strong and courageous people, who are not afraid to face the enemy in defense of the faith. Then the Prophet Muhammad prayed:
"'O Allah, strengthen Islam with Abul-Hakam ibn Hisham or Omar bin al-Khattab."
Umar is a hard-faced men, rude mouth and stubborn. She does not care and is not afraid of war. Medium Umar we have seen themselves. Islamic both clearly will strengthen Islam, and many will they protect from persecution. But Abul-Hakam as already mentioned above much affected by factors of competition between families, so as to believe in the religion brought by Muhammad is not an easy matter.
Umar was a gallant young man who walked with steady steps looking for the Prophet was about to kill him. He hated the Prophet, and the new religion brought. On the way he met a man named Naim bin Abdullah who asked the purpose of his journey. Then she told her intention was. With mocking, Naim said that he better fix its own domestic affairs first.
So he went to Muhammad, who was in the midst of his companions in Darul Arqam in Safa,
or follow him on the way home from where he was praying at the Kaaba to his home. After being asked by the Prophet: What do you mean you coming ?! Without hesitation he replied: "My arrival was about to believe in Allah and the Prophet.
Before he came to the Prophet Muhammad, one of the reasons Umar bin Khatthab convert to Islam. The sources said that Umar was very sad because his fellow members of the community have left the homeland, "after they tortured and mistreated. Always he thought of going to find a way to save them from such circumstances. He believes this situation will only be overcome when he immediately taking decisive action. It was then that he took the decision to kill Muhammad. As long as it exists, Kuraisy will not unite. One morning he went with his sword drawn in hand to kill the Prophet and several companions who already knew they were gathered at Darul Arqam in Safa ,
Their numbers nearly forty men and women. While in the course of which he met with bin Abdullah laiu Nu'aim ask: "Where are you going?" and answered by Umar: "I'm looking for Muhammad, the man who had left the ancestral beliefs and divisive Kuraisy, degrading institution of our lives, we are insulting religion and gods. I'll kill him!". "You deceive yourself, Omar. You think Abdu-Manaf will let you free to walk this earth if it killed Muhammad? Would not it be better you go home first to see family and straightens them!" "My family is where?" Umar asked. His friend replied: "Your brother in law and cousin Sa'id bin Zaid bin Amr, and sister Fatima bint Khattab. Both of them had converted to Islam and became a follower of Muhammad. They are that you must face."
Umar returning home and going to see his sister-in-law with anger. When it was over there Khabbab bin al-Arat who was holding sheets Qur'an Surah Toha read to them. Once they feel there is Umar came, Khabbab hiding in their rooms and Fatimah hid the book. After being close to home, he still heard Khabbab reading before, and immediately after entering he asked: "I heard the whispers what it is?" "I did not hear anything," Fatima said. "No!" Umar said again, "I've heard that you two have become followers of Muhammad and his religion!" He said that while Sa'eed bin Zaid hit hard. Fatimah, who tried to want to protect her husband, also got hit hard. Umar saw such actions, they say: "Yes, we've converted to Islam, and we believe in Allah and to His Messenger. Now do anything at will you!" Seeing blood on the face of his brother Umar felt remorse, and realized what he had done. "All I hear marikan book you read before," he said. "I'll see what he taught Muhammad!" Fatimah said: "We were worried about you waste it." "Do not be afraid," said Umar. Then he swore by his gods that he would return it when've finished reading it. Then Umar read Surah At-Toha were read by her sister:
"That is indeed a noble perkalaan Apostle. It is not the words of a poet; little you believe it!"
"Also not the words of a soothsayer; sediklt once you want to receive a warning. (This is the revelation) which is derived from the Lord of hosts. And if he forges a word on behalf of Us, surely We are caught with the right hand, then certainly we cut vessels heart. So none of you can keep it. "
The Book was given by Fatima. After partially read, he said: "It's beautiful and noble once these words!" Heard the words that Khabbab who had been hiding out and he said to Umar: "Umar, for the sake of Allah, I really hope God will give honor to you with His Messenger's teachings. Yesterday I heard him say: 'Allahumma O God, reinforce Islam with Abul-Hakam ibn Hisham or with Umar. ' Be careful, Omar! '"When that Umar said:" Khabbab, Take me to Muhammad. I will meet him and would convert to Islam, "Khabbab answered by saying:" He was with some friends at a house in Safa. " Umar took his sword and went straight knock on the door in place of the Prophet and his companions were.
Hearing her voice, one of them a peek of the opening. Umar saw being put on armor. he returned frightened and said: "Messenger of Allah, Umar came to bring a sword. But Hamza bin Abdul-Muttalib interrupted:" Let him in. If his arrival with a good purpose, we welcome well; if evil aims, we kill him with his own sword. When the Prophet Sallallahu 'alaihi wa sallam said: "Let him in." After the Prophet was given permission to see him standing in a room. He took the clothes Umar then pulled tight as he said: "Ibn Khattab, what is your arrival? Apparently you're not going to stop until God brings disaster to you!" "The Messenger," Umar said, "I came to express belief in Allah and to His Messenger and all that comes from God." When the Prophet also bertakbir, which by his friends already understood that Umar Islam.
Umar Islam greatly intensify people in his time, because Omar is a very hated and opposed to the teachings of Islam, but Allah willed another, he get guidance through his sister Fatimah Binti Khattab. When the prophet died after an illness in a few weeks, the Prophet Muhammad died on Monday, June 8, 632 (12 Rabi al-Awwal, 10 Hijri), in Medina. Funeral preparations hampered by Umar that forbid anyone to bathe or prepare the body for burial. He insisted that the Prophet not die but are not in a ballpark body, and will come back at any time.
Abu Bakr who happened to be outside the medina, in order to hear it then rushed back. He met Umar was holding other Muslims and then said. "Gentlemen! If anyone wants to worship Muhammad, Muhammad is dead. But whoever wants to worship God, God lives always never die."
Abu Bakr then recited a verse from the Qur'an:
وما محمد إلا رسول قد خلت من قبله ٱلرسل أفإين مات أو قتل ٱنقلبتم على أعقبكم ومن ينقلب على عقبيه فلن يضر ٱلله شيا وسيجزى ٱلله ٱلشكرين
"Muhammad is no more than an apostle that passed away before him. Do If he dies or is killed, will you turn back (apostate)? Whoever is turned back, then he can not bring harm to God at all, and God will reward those who are grateful. " (Letter of Ali 'Imran verse 144)
C. History of the appointment / removal process became Khalifah Umar bin Khatthab
In the summer of 364 M Abu Bakar ill and eventually died on Monday, 21 Jumada End 13 H / 22Agustus 634 AD at the age of 63 years. Before he died has appointed Umar as his successor as caliph. This designation is based on his memories of the conflicts that occurred between the immigrants and Ansor. She was worried if not immediately appoint a replacement and teaching soon dating, there will be conflict among Muslims who may be more severe than when the Prophet died first.
Thus, there is a difference between the appointment procedure Umar as caliph with previous Caliph Abu Bakr. Umar won the trust as the second caliph tiddak through the election system open deliberation, but through appointment or watsiat by its predecessor (Abu Bakr).
When Abu Bakr felt he was old and dying already crossed difikirannya dekat.yang is who will replace him as caliph later. Abu Bakr asked for opinions to the leaders companions as Uthman, Ali bin Abithalib, Abdurrahman bin Auf, Talha bin Ubaidullah, Usaid bin Khudur they approve the proposed Abu Bakr that Umar will be appointed as his successor. After Abu Bakr's death, the friends membai'at Omar as caliph.
This is done in order to avoid political disputes caliph among Muslims themselves. He worried that the appointment was made through the selection process of its time then the situation will become murky because there is a possibility that there is a lot of interest among those who make the country unstable so that the implementation of the construction and development of Islam will be hampered. During that time, Umar in allegiance by the Muslims, and he immediately accepted as legitimate caliph who will lead the Muslims at a time of progress and will be ready to open up horizons in the Muslim world. He was appointed as khlifah in 13H / 634M.
D. Government and Islamic Civilization in the period of Caliph Umar bin Khatthab
During the reign of Umar, the rule of Islam is growing very rapidly. Islam takes over Mesopotamia and Persia portion of the hands of the Persian Sassanid dynasty (an end to the Sassanid Empire) as well as taking over Egypt, Palestine, Syria, North Africa and Armenia from the Roman Empire (Byzantium). At that time there were two superpower that is the Persian and Roman. But both have been conquered at the time of Umar Islam.
History records many great battles that became the beginning of this conquest. At the battle of Yarmuk, which occurred near Damascus in 636, 20 thousand Muslim troops defeated the Roman army reached 70 thousand and an end to Roman rule in the southern part of Asia Minor. Other Islamic forces in small amounts to get the victory over the Persians in larger quantities in the period of the Caliphate of Abu Baka battle. During the reign of Umar, the rule of Islam is growing very rapidly. Islam takes over Mesopotamia and Persia portion of the hands of the Persian Sassanid dynasty (an end to the Sassanid Empire) as well as taking over Egypt, Palestine, Syria, North Africa and Armenia from the Roman Empire (Byzantium). At that time there were two superpower that is the Persian and Roman. But both have been conquered Islam in the era UmaSejarah recorded many great battles that became the beginning of this conquest. At the battle of Yarmuk, which occurred near Damascus in 636, 20 thousand Muslim troops defeated the Roman army reached 70 thousand and an end to Roman rule in the southern part of Asia Minor.
Other Islamic forces in small amounts to get the victory over the Persians in larger quantities at pean Qadisiyyah (636), near the river Euphrates. In the battle, the general Islamic forces that Sa`ad bin Abi Waqqas defeated the Sassanid army and succeeded in killing the famous Persian general, Rustam Farrukhzad.
In the year 637, after a long siege against Jerusalem, Islamist forces eventually take over the city. Umar was given the key to enter the city by Sophronius and invited pastors to pray in the church (Church of the Holy Sepulchre). Umar chose to pray elsewhere so as not to harm the church. 55 years later, where he had established Umar Mosque prayer.
Umar perform many administrative reforms and close control of public policy, including building an administrative system for the newly conquered areas. He also ordered the holding of a census in the whole territory of Islam. In 638, he was ordered to expand and renovate the Grand Mosque in Mecca and the Prophet's Mosque in Medina. He also began the process of codification of Islamic law. Umar is known of his simple life style, instead of adopting the lifestyle and appearance of the rulers in those days, he remained very simple life. At approximately year 17 Hijri, the fourth year caliphate, Umar decreed that Islamic calendar should begin to be calculated when the event moved.
There is some development of Islamic civilization during the caliphate of Umar bin Khtthab, which includes the system of government (politics), science, social, art, and religion.
a. Political Developments
At the time of Caliph Umar, the Islamic political situation is stable, the business expansion of Islamic lands obtain powerful results. Due to the expansion of the area happen quickly, Umar somebody making anhu immediately set the state administration with the example of the administration that has developed mainly in Persian. The expansion of Islam to Persia broadcasting has been started by Khalid bin Walid at the time of Caliph Abu Bakr, followed by Umar. But in his attempt was not a bit of a challenge that it faces even into battle. Islamic rule to Mesopotamia and Persia portion of the hands of the Persian Sassanid dynasty (an end to the Sassanid Empire) as well as taking over Egypt, Palestine, Syria, North Africa and Armenia from the Roman Empire (Byzantium).
Public administration is organized into eight provinces of the region: Makkah, Medina, Syria, Peninsula Basra, Kufa, Palestine, and Egypt. At the time of Umar initiated the procedures for managing decentralized government structure patterned. Started since the reign of Umar managed by the central government and provincial governments.
Because it has many Islam-controlled areas in dire need of structuring the administration, the Caliph Umar to form the courts, where the power of a judge (judicial) apart from the influence of government bodies (executive). The judges are appointed by Umar was that having a good reputation and integrity and noble personality. Zaid ibn Thabit set as Qadhi Medina, Kaaba Sur ibn al-Azdi as Qadi Basrah, Ubadah ibn Qadi Saamit as Palestine, Abdullah ibn Mas'ud as Qadi of Kufa.
At the time of Umar ibn Khattab also began to develop a formal institution called illumination and coaching institute Islamic law. The future also the formation of a system or military agencies.
At the time of Caliph Umar bin Khattab Islamic expansion covers an area of Arabia, Syria, Egypt, and Persia. Because Islam expanded area then Umar tried to organize the preparation of the Islamic government, and government regulations are not contrary to Islamic teachings. Then Umar proclaimed administration / governance, namely:
b. Economic development
Due to the expansion of the area happen quickly, and after Caliph Umar regulate the state administration with the example of the administration that has developed mainly in Persian. At this time also began to be regulated and controlled system of payroll and land tax. The court was established in order to separate the judiciary by the executive. To maintain security and order, the police department was formed. Similarly, the public works department. Umar also established Bait al-Mal, forged currency, and make hijiah year. And abolish alms for the Mu'allaf. There is some progress in the field of economics, among others:
Al kharaj
The Muslims were given control of land rights and everything to be gained from fighting. Umar change this rule, the lands must remain in the hands of its original owners, but was held related with land tax (Al kharaj).
Ghanimah
All the spoils (Ghanimah), was added to the Baitul Maal As one of the country's revenue to help the people. At that time, the role of Jund diwanul, very significant in managing the property.
Equitable distribution of zakat
Caliph Umar also did equalization to the people and revisiting parts of the charity dedicated to people who diperjinakan heart (al-muallafatu qulubuhum).
Tax agencies
When the Islamic territory has covered the territory of Persia, Iraq and Syria as well as
Egypt, of course, the problem is financing, both concerning the cost of routine government and military costs that continue to struggle to spread Islam to other neighboring regions. Therefore, in this context, Ibn Khadim said that the institution of taxation is a necessity for the king's power to regulate the importation and expenditure
Actually, the basic concepts of taxation Umar originated from the desire to regulate the wealth to the people's interests. Then technically he gained a lot of input from the former Persian empire, because when the Persian king had known the concept of taxation called Certificate, which is a list of all income and expenses carefully handed to the state. Based on this concept, Umar assigning staff to register bookkeeping and preparing tax payments category.
Among brief summary of the economic jurisprudence at the time of Umar are listed in the following:
c. The development of knowledge
At the time of Caliph Umar, friends are very influential not allowed to leave the area except by permission of the caliph and for a limited time. So if there diantaa Muslims who want to learn tradition should perdi to Medina, this means that the spread of science and knowledge of the Companions and the place of education is centralized in the medina. With the spread of Islam to the region out of Arabia, apparently thinking caliphate of Islamic education in areas newly conquered it. For that Umar ordered the commanders of the war, when they overran the city, they should set up a mosque as a place of worship and education.
Issues related to education, the Caliph Umar is an educator who do counseling education in the city of Medina, he also implement education in mosques and markets as well as lifting and appoint teachers for each of the areas conquered it, they assigned to teach the contents of the Koran and other Islamic teachings such as fiqh to residents who are new to Islam.
Among the friends who was appointed by Umar to the area is Abdurahman bin Ma'qal and Imran ibn al-Hashim. Both men were placed in Basyrah. Abdurrahman bin Ghanam sent to Syria and Hasan ibn Abi Jabalah sent to Egypt. The method they use is the teacher while the students sit encircling the mosque yard.
Widespread power of Islam, Islam encourages education activities grow, because they are new to the religion of Islam want to gain knowledge of the religious companions receive directly from the Prophet. At this time there has been a student of knowledge mobility from areas far from Medina, as the religious center of Islam. Passion studying Islamic religion which subsequently led to the birth number of job descriptions of religious discipline.
At the time of Caliph Umar, given subject is reading and writing, and memorizing the Koran and studying subjects Islamic religion. Education at the time of Umar is more advanced than ever before. At this time the demand for learning Arabic has also appeared, people who are new to Islam of the conquered areas must learn Arabic, if you want to learn and understand the knowledge of Islam. Therefore, at this time there were already teaching Arabic language.
Based on the above authors concluded that the implementation of education Caliph Umar future ahead, because during the reign of Umar country is stable and secure, this is due, in addition to the stipulation of the mosque as a center of education, also has the formation of Islamic educational centers in various cities with materials developed, both in terms of the science of language, writing and other basic sciences.
d. Social development
At the time of Caliph Umar ibn al-dhimma Khatthab experts are people who embrace a religion other than Islam and Islamic power in the region remain. Al-dhimma consists of adherents of Jewish, Christian and Zoroastrian. They got the attention, care and protection at the time of Umar. By making the agreement, which, among other sounds;
Christian people must prepare accommodation and meals for Muslim soldiers who entered their city, for three consecutive days.
At the time of Umar very concerned about the surrounding circumstances, such as the needy, the poor and orphans, also received great attention from Umar ibn Khattab.
e. Developments Religion
In an age of somebody making Umar 'anhu wave of expansion (expansion territory) occurs first; the capital of Syria, Damascus, fell in 635 AD, and a year later, after the defeat of the Byzantine army at the battle of Yarmuk, the whole area fell into Syria under the rule of Islam. By using Syria as a base, the expansion forwarded to Egypt under the leadership of 'Amr ibn' Ash somebody making anhu and to Iraq under the leadership of Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas somebody making anhu. Alexandria / Alexandria, the capital of Egypt, conquered in 641 AD Thus, Egypt fell under Islamic rule. Al-Qadisiyah, a town near Hirah in Iraq, fell in the year 637 AD From there proceed to attack the capital of Persia, al-Madain that fall in the same year. In the year 641 AD, Moshul can be mastered. Thus, during the reign of Umar somebody making anhu, the Islamic empire already includes the Arabian Peninsula, Palestine, Syria, most of Persia, and Egypt. In other words. Umar Islam at the time of growing.
So it can be concluded, the state of Islam at the time of Umar ibn Khatthab already begun favorable, due to his leadership of the loyal, fair, and wise. At this time Islam began to spread to the outside world, by conquering states strong, so that Islam can spread circumnavigating the globe.
E. Death of Umar bin Khatthab
After running the government for 10 years, the Caliph Umar bin Khattab meningga after being killed by a Zoroastrian named Abdul Mughirah who was called Abu Lu'luah because it was not satisfied with the answers Umar when complaining about the amount of tax to be paid.
After Umar bin Khattab died earlier Consultative Assembly elections held in the house of al-Miswar bin Marhamah, except Talha bin Abdillah who can not be present at the time. In the election was ultimately drawn to the opinion of Uthman bin Af him as a fan and be the third caliph and served for ± 12 years (644-656M).
The man who killed Umar was a Zoroastrian named Abdul Mughirah who was called Abu Lu'lu'ah. Umar mentioned that he was killed because he never came to complain to the Caliph Umar about the weight and the number of kharaj (taxes) that must he spend, but the Caliph Umar replied, "Kharajmu not too much." He then went on muttering, "men of justice to reach everyone except me. "He then promised to kill him. Dipersiapkanlah a dagger that has been honed and smeared with poison -those are the experts of various kerajinan- then stored in one corner of the mosque. When Caliph Umar went to the mosque as usually perform the dawn prayer, he just attacked. He stabbed her with three stab and managed to knock it down. Then everyone who tried to encircle herself attacked anyway. Until there is one that netted him cloth. Upon seeing that he was bound and could not air kutik, he killed himself with a dagger he was carrying.
That news mentioned the transmitters on the killing of Umar radi 'anhu. Perhaps behind this murder conspiracy are designed by many of them Jews, Zoroastrians, and zindiq. Very unlikely by artificial this criminal was done solely because of personal disappointments because many kharoj to be issued. Allaah knows best.
When told that the killer was Abu Lu'lu'ah, Caliph Umar said, "Praise be to Allah who did not make death at the hands of people who claim Muslim." Umar then intestate to his son, "O Abdullah, examine debt-debts!
Umar (583-644) had the full name of Umar bin Khattab bin Nufail bin Abd Al-Uzza bin Ribaah bin Abdillah bin Qart bin razail ibn 'Adi bin Ka'b bin Lu'ay, is the second caliph who succeeded Abu Bakr Ash Siddiq. Umar was born in Mecca in the year 583 AD, twelve years younger than the Prophet Umar also includes descendants of Bani Tribe kelurga of Ady (Bani Ady). Tribe highly respected and high standing among the people of Quraysh before Islam. Umar has a robust posture and strong, tough character, brave and knows no trepidation, clever fight, whoever the enemy that confronts it will be to its knees. He has exceptional intelligence, able to predict things that will happen in the future, said the language is smooth and fluent speech.
Umar bin Khatthab is one of the largest in the history of the companions of the Prophet Muhammad after SAW.Peranan umar in the early period of Islamic history is the most prominent because they extension of its territory, in addition to the policies of another political. The existence of large-scale conquest during the reign of Umar is a fact recognized by historians truth. In fact, some say, that if not because of conquests carried out at the time of Umar, Isalm not be able to flourish as today.
Caliph Umar is known as a leader who is very dear to the people because of the attention and extraordinary responsibilities to its people. One habit is to supervise directly and alone around town supervise people's lives.
Before embracing Islam, as is the tradition of the ignorance mecca that time, Umar bury his daughter alive. As he puts it himself, "I cried when digging the grave for my daughter. She developed and then combed beard". Drunkenness is also a common thing among the Quraysh. Some accounts say that in pre-Islamic times, Umar like to drink wine. After becoming a Muslim, he did not touch alcohol at all, although it has not lowered the prohibition to drink alcohol (intoxicating) explicitly.
Umar bin Khatthab is a mujtahid who is an expert in building large state established on the principles of justice, equality, and fraternity taught by the Prophet Muhammad. In many ways Umar bin Khatthab known as the man who is very wise and creative, even genius. Some advantages of Umar, making increasingly respected position among the Arab public, so that the Quraysh gave the title "Lion of the Desert", and because intelligence and speed of thinking, he was nicknamed "Abu Faiz".
Among the family of Umar bin Khattab who has received guidance and embrace Islam is Sa'd bin Zaid, who is the brother-in-law who had married Umar Umar sister named Fatimah, who also converted to Islam. Nu'ami bin Abdullah, is also a member of the family is quite charismatic Umar has expressed his Islam.
Such conditions provide its own influence to Umar bin Khattab, so it is not surprising that Umar was furious with his family members who have left the teachings of his ancestors. Umar's anger does not seem to be drawn to kelurganya, but also the main cause sehigga family left the old teachings. According to Umar, the cause was none other than Muhammad who has developed a mission in the Arab region. Therefore, do not be surprised if Umar is a most fiercely hostile to Muslims.
After he watched the family and some Arab states to convert to Islam then the dialogue of thought within himself, the dialogue as contemplation that sometimes a battle to determine the nature and the search for truth. When Umar narrated get his brother was reciting the Quran with a beautiful voice, emotion redamlah Umar. After that he came to the Prophet Muhammad and expressed converted to Islam in the sixth year of the prophetic period. Umar Islam brings great influence to the struggle of the Prophet Muhammad.
B. History Log Islam Umar bin Khatthab
We saw earlier that Umar bin Khatthab born in Mecca of Quraish tribe who respected and honored. The Prophet 'alaihis-salam is eager to Islam can be strengthened by a strong and courageous people, who are not afraid to face the enemy in defense of the faith. Then the Prophet Muhammad prayed:
"'O Allah, strengthen Islam with Abul-Hakam ibn Hisham or Omar bin al-Khattab."
Umar is a hard-faced men, rude mouth and stubborn. She does not care and is not afraid of war. Medium Umar we have seen themselves. Islamic both clearly will strengthen Islam, and many will they protect from persecution. But Abul-Hakam as already mentioned above much affected by factors of competition between families, so as to believe in the religion brought by Muhammad is not an easy matter.
Umar was a gallant young man who walked with steady steps looking for the Prophet was about to kill him. He hated the Prophet, and the new religion brought. On the way he met a man named Naim bin Abdullah who asked the purpose of his journey. Then she told her intention was. With mocking, Naim said that he better fix its own domestic affairs first.
So he went to Muhammad, who was in the midst of his companions in Darul Arqam in Safa,
or follow him on the way home from where he was praying at the Kaaba to his home. After being asked by the Prophet: What do you mean you coming ?! Without hesitation he replied: "My arrival was about to believe in Allah and the Prophet.
Before he came to the Prophet Muhammad, one of the reasons Umar bin Khatthab convert to Islam. The sources said that Umar was very sad because his fellow members of the community have left the homeland, "after they tortured and mistreated. Always he thought of going to find a way to save them from such circumstances. He believes this situation will only be overcome when he immediately taking decisive action. It was then that he took the decision to kill Muhammad. As long as it exists, Kuraisy will not unite. One morning he went with his sword drawn in hand to kill the Prophet and several companions who already knew they were gathered at Darul Arqam in Safa ,
Their numbers nearly forty men and women. While in the course of which he met with bin Abdullah laiu Nu'aim ask: "Where are you going?" and answered by Umar: "I'm looking for Muhammad, the man who had left the ancestral beliefs and divisive Kuraisy, degrading institution of our lives, we are insulting religion and gods. I'll kill him!". "You deceive yourself, Omar. You think Abdu-Manaf will let you free to walk this earth if it killed Muhammad? Would not it be better you go home first to see family and straightens them!" "My family is where?" Umar asked. His friend replied: "Your brother in law and cousin Sa'id bin Zaid bin Amr, and sister Fatima bint Khattab. Both of them had converted to Islam and became a follower of Muhammad. They are that you must face."
Umar returning home and going to see his sister-in-law with anger. When it was over there Khabbab bin al-Arat who was holding sheets Qur'an Surah Toha read to them. Once they feel there is Umar came, Khabbab hiding in their rooms and Fatimah hid the book. After being close to home, he still heard Khabbab reading before, and immediately after entering he asked: "I heard the whispers what it is?" "I did not hear anything," Fatima said. "No!" Umar said again, "I've heard that you two have become followers of Muhammad and his religion!" He said that while Sa'eed bin Zaid hit hard. Fatimah, who tried to want to protect her husband, also got hit hard. Umar saw such actions, they say: "Yes, we've converted to Islam, and we believe in Allah and to His Messenger. Now do anything at will you!" Seeing blood on the face of his brother Umar felt remorse, and realized what he had done. "All I hear marikan book you read before," he said. "I'll see what he taught Muhammad!" Fatimah said: "We were worried about you waste it." "Do not be afraid," said Umar. Then he swore by his gods that he would return it when've finished reading it. Then Umar read Surah At-Toha were read by her sister:
"That is indeed a noble perkalaan Apostle. It is not the words of a poet; little you believe it!"
"Also not the words of a soothsayer; sediklt once you want to receive a warning. (This is the revelation) which is derived from the Lord of hosts. And if he forges a word on behalf of Us, surely We are caught with the right hand, then certainly we cut vessels heart. So none of you can keep it. "
The Book was given by Fatima. After partially read, he said: "It's beautiful and noble once these words!" Heard the words that Khabbab who had been hiding out and he said to Umar: "Umar, for the sake of Allah, I really hope God will give honor to you with His Messenger's teachings. Yesterday I heard him say: 'Allahumma O God, reinforce Islam with Abul-Hakam ibn Hisham or with Umar. ' Be careful, Omar! '"When that Umar said:" Khabbab, Take me to Muhammad. I will meet him and would convert to Islam, "Khabbab answered by saying:" He was with some friends at a house in Safa. " Umar took his sword and went straight knock on the door in place of the Prophet and his companions were.
Hearing her voice, one of them a peek of the opening. Umar saw being put on armor. he returned frightened and said: "Messenger of Allah, Umar came to bring a sword. But Hamza bin Abdul-Muttalib interrupted:" Let him in. If his arrival with a good purpose, we welcome well; if evil aims, we kill him with his own sword. When the Prophet Sallallahu 'alaihi wa sallam said: "Let him in." After the Prophet was given permission to see him standing in a room. He took the clothes Umar then pulled tight as he said: "Ibn Khattab, what is your arrival? Apparently you're not going to stop until God brings disaster to you!" "The Messenger," Umar said, "I came to express belief in Allah and to His Messenger and all that comes from God." When the Prophet also bertakbir, which by his friends already understood that Umar Islam.
Umar Islam greatly intensify people in his time, because Omar is a very hated and opposed to the teachings of Islam, but Allah willed another, he get guidance through his sister Fatimah Binti Khattab. When the prophet died after an illness in a few weeks, the Prophet Muhammad died on Monday, June 8, 632 (12 Rabi al-Awwal, 10 Hijri), in Medina. Funeral preparations hampered by Umar that forbid anyone to bathe or prepare the body for burial. He insisted that the Prophet not die but are not in a ballpark body, and will come back at any time.
Abu Bakr who happened to be outside the medina, in order to hear it then rushed back. He met Umar was holding other Muslims and then said. "Gentlemen! If anyone wants to worship Muhammad, Muhammad is dead. But whoever wants to worship God, God lives always never die."
Abu Bakr then recited a verse from the Qur'an:
وما محمد إلا رسول قد خلت من قبله ٱلرسل أفإين مات أو قتل ٱنقلبتم على أعقبكم ومن ينقلب على عقبيه فلن يضر ٱلله شيا وسيجزى ٱلله ٱلشكرين
"Muhammad is no more than an apostle that passed away before him. Do If he dies or is killed, will you turn back (apostate)? Whoever is turned back, then he can not bring harm to God at all, and God will reward those who are grateful. " (Letter of Ali 'Imran verse 144)
C. History of the appointment / removal process became Khalifah Umar bin Khatthab
In the summer of 364 M Abu Bakar ill and eventually died on Monday, 21 Jumada End 13 H / 22Agustus 634 AD at the age of 63 years. Before he died has appointed Umar as his successor as caliph. This designation is based on his memories of the conflicts that occurred between the immigrants and Ansor. She was worried if not immediately appoint a replacement and teaching soon dating, there will be conflict among Muslims who may be more severe than when the Prophet died first.
Thus, there is a difference between the appointment procedure Umar as caliph with previous Caliph Abu Bakr. Umar won the trust as the second caliph tiddak through the election system open deliberation, but through appointment or watsiat by its predecessor (Abu Bakr).
When Abu Bakr felt he was old and dying already crossed difikirannya dekat.yang is who will replace him as caliph later. Abu Bakr asked for opinions to the leaders companions as Uthman, Ali bin Abithalib, Abdurrahman bin Auf, Talha bin Ubaidullah, Usaid bin Khudur they approve the proposed Abu Bakr that Umar will be appointed as his successor. After Abu Bakr's death, the friends membai'at Omar as caliph.
This is done in order to avoid political disputes caliph among Muslims themselves. He worried that the appointment was made through the selection process of its time then the situation will become murky because there is a possibility that there is a lot of interest among those who make the country unstable so that the implementation of the construction and development of Islam will be hampered. During that time, Umar in allegiance by the Muslims, and he immediately accepted as legitimate caliph who will lead the Muslims at a time of progress and will be ready to open up horizons in the Muslim world. He was appointed as khlifah in 13H / 634M.
D. Government and Islamic Civilization in the period of Caliph Umar bin Khatthab
During the reign of Umar, the rule of Islam is growing very rapidly. Islam takes over Mesopotamia and Persia portion of the hands of the Persian Sassanid dynasty (an end to the Sassanid Empire) as well as taking over Egypt, Palestine, Syria, North Africa and Armenia from the Roman Empire (Byzantium). At that time there were two superpower that is the Persian and Roman. But both have been conquered at the time of Umar Islam.
History records many great battles that became the beginning of this conquest. At the battle of Yarmuk, which occurred near Damascus in 636, 20 thousand Muslim troops defeated the Roman army reached 70 thousand and an end to Roman rule in the southern part of Asia Minor. Other Islamic forces in small amounts to get the victory over the Persians in larger quantities in the period of the Caliphate of Abu Baka battle. During the reign of Umar, the rule of Islam is growing very rapidly. Islam takes over Mesopotamia and Persia portion of the hands of the Persian Sassanid dynasty (an end to the Sassanid Empire) as well as taking over Egypt, Palestine, Syria, North Africa and Armenia from the Roman Empire (Byzantium). At that time there were two superpower that is the Persian and Roman. But both have been conquered Islam in the era UmaSejarah recorded many great battles that became the beginning of this conquest. At the battle of Yarmuk, which occurred near Damascus in 636, 20 thousand Muslim troops defeated the Roman army reached 70 thousand and an end to Roman rule in the southern part of Asia Minor.
Other Islamic forces in small amounts to get the victory over the Persians in larger quantities at pean Qadisiyyah (636), near the river Euphrates. In the battle, the general Islamic forces that Sa`ad bin Abi Waqqas defeated the Sassanid army and succeeded in killing the famous Persian general, Rustam Farrukhzad.
In the year 637, after a long siege against Jerusalem, Islamist forces eventually take over the city. Umar was given the key to enter the city by Sophronius and invited pastors to pray in the church (Church of the Holy Sepulchre). Umar chose to pray elsewhere so as not to harm the church. 55 years later, where he had established Umar Mosque prayer.
Umar perform many administrative reforms and close control of public policy, including building an administrative system for the newly conquered areas. He also ordered the holding of a census in the whole territory of Islam. In 638, he was ordered to expand and renovate the Grand Mosque in Mecca and the Prophet's Mosque in Medina. He also began the process of codification of Islamic law. Umar is known of his simple life style, instead of adopting the lifestyle and appearance of the rulers in those days, he remained very simple life. At approximately year 17 Hijri, the fourth year caliphate, Umar decreed that Islamic calendar should begin to be calculated when the event moved.
There is some development of Islamic civilization during the caliphate of Umar bin Khtthab, which includes the system of government (politics), science, social, art, and religion.
a. Political Developments
At the time of Caliph Umar, the Islamic political situation is stable, the business expansion of Islamic lands obtain powerful results. Due to the expansion of the area happen quickly, Umar somebody making anhu immediately set the state administration with the example of the administration that has developed mainly in Persian. The expansion of Islam to Persia broadcasting has been started by Khalid bin Walid at the time of Caliph Abu Bakr, followed by Umar. But in his attempt was not a bit of a challenge that it faces even into battle. Islamic rule to Mesopotamia and Persia portion of the hands of the Persian Sassanid dynasty (an end to the Sassanid Empire) as well as taking over Egypt, Palestine, Syria, North Africa and Armenia from the Roman Empire (Byzantium).
Public administration is organized into eight provinces of the region: Makkah, Medina, Syria, Peninsula Basra, Kufa, Palestine, and Egypt. At the time of Umar initiated the procedures for managing decentralized government structure patterned. Started since the reign of Umar managed by the central government and provincial governments.
Because it has many Islam-controlled areas in dire need of structuring the administration, the Caliph Umar to form the courts, where the power of a judge (judicial) apart from the influence of government bodies (executive). The judges are appointed by Umar was that having a good reputation and integrity and noble personality. Zaid ibn Thabit set as Qadhi Medina, Kaaba Sur ibn al-Azdi as Qadi Basrah, Ubadah ibn Qadi Saamit as Palestine, Abdullah ibn Mas'ud as Qadi of Kufa.
At the time of Umar ibn Khattab also began to develop a formal institution called illumination and coaching institute Islamic law. The future also the formation of a system or military agencies.
At the time of Caliph Umar bin Khattab Islamic expansion covers an area of Arabia, Syria, Egypt, and Persia. Because Islam expanded area then Umar tried to organize the preparation of the Islamic government, and government regulations are not contrary to Islamic teachings. Then Umar proclaimed administration / governance, namely:
- Power structures
- Kholifah (Amiril the Faithful),
- Located in the capital city of Medina who has authority, power.
- Wali (Governor),
- Located in the capital city of the mempunyi Propensi power over the entire wiyalayah Propensi.
- The main duties of officials
- The principal tasks of officials, ranging from the caliph, and his guardian subordinates responsible for reciprocation of the Islamic religion and the State. Besides, they are also the five daily prayers as imam in the mosque.
- Establish councils of State
- To menertipkan course of administration, Kholifah Umar to form councils of State in charge of organizing and save money as well as set the income and expenditure of state funds, including the printing of currency State.
- Board soldiers
- Responsible for managing the army order, termsuk giving salaries, uniforms / attributes, seek weapons and formed a guard force boundary regions of the country.
- Board of forming Act
- In charge of making laws and regulations governing the shops, markets, overseeing the scales, measure, and organize information and komonikasi post.
- Board of judiciary
- Bertukas and maintain and uphold justice, so that no one is doing arbitrarily against others. Famous judge who is Ali bin Abi Talib.
b. Economic development
Due to the expansion of the area happen quickly, and after Caliph Umar regulate the state administration with the example of the administration that has developed mainly in Persian. At this time also began to be regulated and controlled system of payroll and land tax. The court was established in order to separate the judiciary by the executive. To maintain security and order, the police department was formed. Similarly, the public works department. Umar also established Bait al-Mal, forged currency, and make hijiah year. And abolish alms for the Mu'allaf. There is some progress in the field of economics, among others:
Al kharaj
The Muslims were given control of land rights and everything to be gained from fighting. Umar change this rule, the lands must remain in the hands of its original owners, but was held related with land tax (Al kharaj).
Ghanimah
All the spoils (Ghanimah), was added to the Baitul Maal As one of the country's revenue to help the people. At that time, the role of Jund diwanul, very significant in managing the property.
Equitable distribution of zakat
Caliph Umar also did equalization to the people and revisiting parts of the charity dedicated to people who diperjinakan heart (al-muallafatu qulubuhum).
Tax agencies
When the Islamic territory has covered the territory of Persia, Iraq and Syria as well as
Egypt, of course, the problem is financing, both concerning the cost of routine government and military costs that continue to struggle to spread Islam to other neighboring regions. Therefore, in this context, Ibn Khadim said that the institution of taxation is a necessity for the king's power to regulate the importation and expenditure
Actually, the basic concepts of taxation Umar originated from the desire to regulate the wealth to the people's interests. Then technically he gained a lot of input from the former Persian empire, because when the Persian king had known the concept of taxation called Certificate, which is a list of all income and expenses carefully handed to the state. Based on this concept, Umar assigning staff to register bookkeeping and preparing tax payments category.
Among brief summary of the economic jurisprudence at the time of Umar are listed in the following:
- · Provide vacant land that no owner to the people to be productive land to meet their needs.
- · Employing prisoners who have the skills and mengizikakannya to stay in Medina
- · Umar highly motivated trading activities of its time
- · Noting activists by giving teachers salary
- · Appealing to people to always carry out productive activities
- · Umar provide capital loans to people who do not have venture capital
- · When they were unable to work Khalifah himself who intervened to help them bekera
- · Appealing to the slave to trade and the results are used to pay installments to liberate themselves
- · He also urged relatives to produce
- · Umar not only urge its people to produce, as narrated by Aisha ra "When Umar as khlifah, he and his family ate from the Baitul Maal, and he works in his own fortune ''.
c. The development of knowledge
At the time of Caliph Umar, friends are very influential not allowed to leave the area except by permission of the caliph and for a limited time. So if there diantaa Muslims who want to learn tradition should perdi to Medina, this means that the spread of science and knowledge of the Companions and the place of education is centralized in the medina. With the spread of Islam to the region out of Arabia, apparently thinking caliphate of Islamic education in areas newly conquered it. For that Umar ordered the commanders of the war, when they overran the city, they should set up a mosque as a place of worship and education.
Issues related to education, the Caliph Umar is an educator who do counseling education in the city of Medina, he also implement education in mosques and markets as well as lifting and appoint teachers for each of the areas conquered it, they assigned to teach the contents of the Koran and other Islamic teachings such as fiqh to residents who are new to Islam.
Among the friends who was appointed by Umar to the area is Abdurahman bin Ma'qal and Imran ibn al-Hashim. Both men were placed in Basyrah. Abdurrahman bin Ghanam sent to Syria and Hasan ibn Abi Jabalah sent to Egypt. The method they use is the teacher while the students sit encircling the mosque yard.
Widespread power of Islam, Islam encourages education activities grow, because they are new to the religion of Islam want to gain knowledge of the religious companions receive directly from the Prophet. At this time there has been a student of knowledge mobility from areas far from Medina, as the religious center of Islam. Passion studying Islamic religion which subsequently led to the birth number of job descriptions of religious discipline.
At the time of Caliph Umar, given subject is reading and writing, and memorizing the Koran and studying subjects Islamic religion. Education at the time of Umar is more advanced than ever before. At this time the demand for learning Arabic has also appeared, people who are new to Islam of the conquered areas must learn Arabic, if you want to learn and understand the knowledge of Islam. Therefore, at this time there were already teaching Arabic language.
Based on the above authors concluded that the implementation of education Caliph Umar future ahead, because during the reign of Umar country is stable and secure, this is due, in addition to the stipulation of the mosque as a center of education, also has the formation of Islamic educational centers in various cities with materials developed, both in terms of the science of language, writing and other basic sciences.
d. Social development
At the time of Caliph Umar ibn al-dhimma Khatthab experts are people who embrace a religion other than Islam and Islamic power in the region remain. Al-dhimma consists of adherents of Jewish, Christian and Zoroastrian. They got the attention, care and protection at the time of Umar. By making the agreement, which, among other sounds;
Christian people must prepare accommodation and meals for Muslim soldiers who entered their city, for three consecutive days.
At the time of Umar very concerned about the surrounding circumstances, such as the needy, the poor and orphans, also received great attention from Umar ibn Khattab.
e. Developments Religion
In an age of somebody making Umar 'anhu wave of expansion (expansion territory) occurs first; the capital of Syria, Damascus, fell in 635 AD, and a year later, after the defeat of the Byzantine army at the battle of Yarmuk, the whole area fell into Syria under the rule of Islam. By using Syria as a base, the expansion forwarded to Egypt under the leadership of 'Amr ibn' Ash somebody making anhu and to Iraq under the leadership of Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas somebody making anhu. Alexandria / Alexandria, the capital of Egypt, conquered in 641 AD Thus, Egypt fell under Islamic rule. Al-Qadisiyah, a town near Hirah in Iraq, fell in the year 637 AD From there proceed to attack the capital of Persia, al-Madain that fall in the same year. In the year 641 AD, Moshul can be mastered. Thus, during the reign of Umar somebody making anhu, the Islamic empire already includes the Arabian Peninsula, Palestine, Syria, most of Persia, and Egypt. In other words. Umar Islam at the time of growing.
So it can be concluded, the state of Islam at the time of Umar ibn Khatthab already begun favorable, due to his leadership of the loyal, fair, and wise. At this time Islam began to spread to the outside world, by conquering states strong, so that Islam can spread circumnavigating the globe.
E. Death of Umar bin Khatthab
After running the government for 10 years, the Caliph Umar bin Khattab meningga after being killed by a Zoroastrian named Abdul Mughirah who was called Abu Lu'luah because it was not satisfied with the answers Umar when complaining about the amount of tax to be paid.
After Umar bin Khattab died earlier Consultative Assembly elections held in the house of al-Miswar bin Marhamah, except Talha bin Abdillah who can not be present at the time. In the election was ultimately drawn to the opinion of Uthman bin Af him as a fan and be the third caliph and served for ± 12 years (644-656M).
The man who killed Umar was a Zoroastrian named Abdul Mughirah who was called Abu Lu'lu'ah. Umar mentioned that he was killed because he never came to complain to the Caliph Umar about the weight and the number of kharaj (taxes) that must he spend, but the Caliph Umar replied, "Kharajmu not too much." He then went on muttering, "men of justice to reach everyone except me. "He then promised to kill him. Dipersiapkanlah a dagger that has been honed and smeared with poison -those are the experts of various kerajinan- then stored in one corner of the mosque. When Caliph Umar went to the mosque as usually perform the dawn prayer, he just attacked. He stabbed her with three stab and managed to knock it down. Then everyone who tried to encircle herself attacked anyway. Until there is one that netted him cloth. Upon seeing that he was bound and could not air kutik, he killed himself with a dagger he was carrying.
That news mentioned the transmitters on the killing of Umar radi 'anhu. Perhaps behind this murder conspiracy are designed by many of them Jews, Zoroastrians, and zindiq. Very unlikely by artificial this criminal was done solely because of personal disappointments because many kharoj to be issued. Allaah knows best.
When told that the killer was Abu Lu'lu'ah, Caliph Umar said, "Praise be to Allah who did not make death at the hands of people who claim Muslim." Umar then intestate to his son, "O Abdullah, examine debt-debts!
Terima kasih telah membaca artikel tentang Islamic history at the time of Caliph Umar Bin Khattab Islamic Information di blog Islamic Information jika anda ingin menyebar luaskan artikel ini di mohon untuk mencantumkan link sebagai Sumbernya, dan bila artikel ini bermanfaat silakan bookmark halaman ini diwebbroswer anda, dengan cara menekan Ctrl + D pada tombol keyboard anda.