A. History of the Life of the Prophet Muhammad.
Prophet is a group of the Bani Hashim. Bani Hashim is the ruling clans of the tribe of Quraysh. Prophet Muhammad was born by families with dignity. Birth of the Prophet Muhammad are marked by the events of the elephant. At which time the royal governor Abraham troops Ethiopia (Ethopian) attacked Mecca to destroy the Kaaba with an army riding elephants [1] but through the power of God's army was exhausted sold out due to being attacked by birds Ababil who have taken weapons from the stone comes from hell.
5
The Prophet Muhammad's father Abdullah and his mother Amina. However, his father died three months after marrying his mother. So the Prophet Muhammad was born in conditions of orphans. After birth further raised by Halimatuh Sa'diayyah for 4 years. After that he was treated by his biological mother until two years even at the age of 6 years old his mother Aminah died. After his mother died Muhammad cared for by his grandfather Abdul Muttalib ultimately died of age. Last treatment by pamanya Abu Talib. [2]
In the young age of the Prophet Muhammad worked as a goatherders. With honesty, he is believed to mengembalakan goat Arab nation at the time. Muhammad always menghidarkan himself from everything that despicable behavior until the end of Muhammad at the time dubbed al-amin trusted person. [3]
At the age of 25 years Prophet Muahmmad traveled to Syria (Sham) with the aim of carrying merchandise trade with the rich widow named Siti Khadijah. Then with him in the trade kepadaian the huge profits have been achieved. Siti Khadijah then proposed to her when she was 25 years old. The marriage took place between Muhammad and Siti Khadijah. The couple was blessed with 6 children 2 boys and 4 girls are Qosim, Abdullah, Zainab, Ruqayah, Umm Kalsum and Fatimah. The second son died when he was little. Prophet Muhammad did not marry again until age 50 years.
[4]
There are events would steeped in history where the Prophet Muhammad as a mediator between warring Qurays population of black stone laying them assume their groups have the right to put the black stone, so menyebekan pertikaiyan. Later at the time of Abu Umayya ibn al-Makhzumi Mughiro proposed that the decision be submitted to the people who first entered the door Shafa. Then the last known person who first entered the door Shafa is Muhammad then people Qurays agree on the proposals. Muhammad issued a brilliant idea that he took the cloth and made every tribe lifting the side of the fabric simultaneously. With so problems that arise can be resolved.
B. Pre-Islamic Civilization
In various historical literature can be encountered division of the Arab population. It was in accordance with the origin of the population, namely al-Arab al-Ba'idah (Ancient Arabic), Arabic al-Arabiyah (Arab Peribumi) and al-Arab al-Mustaribah (Arab immigrants). [5] The Arab Population in on population categories are not civilized ignorance either.
Before Islam the Arabs messy condition of women at that time did not mean anything, although there are some women who are famous at that time had authority in Arabic is like Umm Aufah, Kindah, and so all of them lived in Mecca, Medina and Yemen. [6 ] Women in the pre-Islamic period of no value as merchandise. Women in those days did not get the inheritance from their parents and even many parents assume that their child is no disgrace.
Another chaos that at that time many siblings marrying his brother, stepmother married her stepson,
and cases of child burials were still alive. At the burial tradition was carried on the tribe of Bani Tamim and Banu Asad. Furthermore, there is a woman who became head of the tribes and married more than one person. And after the birth of her determination and her father is determined by astrologers. [7] There is also a suwami wife who agreed to receive intelligent offspring, then the suwami mengatar his wife to prominent people to marry and when there are signs of pregnancy then the suwami pick up his wife.
C. defendant Rosulullah In Mecca Period
On the night of Monday 17 Ramadan 13 years before the Hegira coincide with the August 6 610 AD when the Prophet Muhammad seclusion in the Cave of Hira and God sent Gabriel to deliver the first revelation that the letter al-Alaq. [8] When complete revelation of the Prophet Muhammad came home with conditions shivering with fear. He asked for her to envelop he later recounted the incident that occurred in the Cave of Hira.
As a wife who sholeha in any condition are always trying to calm her husband's heart that was conducted by Khadijah. Khadijah Muhammad tried reassuring highly experienced turmoil at the time. After calming Muhammad, Khadija went to meet Waraqa ibn Nawfal [9]. Waraqah is the uncle of Siti Khadijah he is a Christian who knows many ancient texts.
Siti Khadijah tells the events experienced by suwaminya later said that the coming Waraqah it is Namus (Jibril). Then he explained at some point later on he will be expelled by his people from his home page. He hopes still alive in difficult times Messenger and will provide genuine relief to him.
When he slept and then down the verses of the Muddatsir. [10] Then he delivered to his wife about the commands Gabriel to convey his message to his people. Then he asked again that which his people. Thus revelation down both a coronation Rouslullah as a messenger of God.
The Prophet to begin preaching there are various methods of propaganda that is carried out by him include:
1. Propagation clandestinely
At this time Muhammad Saw proselytizing secretly within the family itself, and among colleagues. At first the first convert to Islam was wife of Muhammad then his cousin Ali ibn Abu Talib, Abu Bakr Asidiq, Zaid former slave who became his adopted son, Um Aimah caregivers Prophet since his mother is still alive [11]. Then followed by Ustman bin Affan, Jubair bin Awwam, Abdurahman bin Auf, Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqasah and Thahlah bin Ubaidullah presented to them under the Prophet and pledged to embrace Islam before the Prophet himself.
In the preparation of the heavy propaganda that the first missionary he prepares mentally and morally. Therefore, he invites people or Muslims to:
2. Propagation blatant
The next step calls missionary society in general. The Prophet called on the nobility and the entire community of Quraysh. At first the Prophet simply calling on the residents of Mecca and continued calling on residents outside Mecca openly. Muhammad aggressively publicize that people converted to Islam, then at that time, he invites all Muslims to perform the pilgrimage.
Another time, the gala event was held back. This time, the invited guests started listening to the words of the Prophet, but none of them responded positively. It does not make the Prophet and his companions broke directions, but make the spirit of the Prophet and his companions and his message is getting expanded to a speech held when the Messenger open on the hill Sofa. The speech contains about apostleship. Prophet summoned all the inhabitants of Mecca and informs them that he was sent to invite them to leave Paganism (worship of idols). He explains that the god that must be worshiped only God. Hearing this the society Qurays startled, they were very angry because of this and insulting tradition and honor their ancestors. The magnifying Qurays yell and curse the Prophet with a bang. They assume that Muhammad was crazy even his uncle Abu Lahab was threatening Messenger hard.
[13]
Quraiys leader with a loyal propaganda against Muhammad SAW. Qurays leaders feel that the more advanced the greater propaganda Rosulullah challenge the Quraysh. There are 5 factors driving the tribe Quraysh against Muhammad Saw namely:
From the above reasons are many ways by the Quraysh that Muhammad did not spread Islam. The first group threatening way Qurays Rosulullah but that does not work is done by people Qurays. Then the second Qurays launch a movement to send Walid ibn Mughirah to bring Umarah ibn Walid, a handsome handsome to be exchanged with the Prophet Muhammad. Walid said to Abu Talib: 'He became a child pose your brother, but hand Muhammad to us to kill' is a direct suggestion vehemently denied by Abu Talib. [15]
Another way to use and other strategies to stop preaching Muhammad Saw. Thirdly they sent Utbah ibn Rabiah he is rhetoricians to persuade the Prophet. Then offered to the prophet throne, women, and treasures. But Muhammad refused and said: 'By Allah, even if they put the sun in my right hand and my left hand a month I will not stop doing this, up to this religion prevail or I perish thereby'. [16] Furthermore, the fourth way is to block the propaganda Rosulullah torture, killing and menganiyaya friend Rosululllah, many employers torturing slaves who converted to Islam.
The fifth way, after various upheavals and conflicts of Mecca with various percobaab murder he eventually had to flee in a cave Tsur during conditions are safe (three nights). Even this does not work then switched sixth way, they use way to trade meboikot Bani Hashim. Then Muhammad preaching in the area Tharif mocked Prophet, cheered, and stoned even injured on his head and badanya. [17] After a variety intimindasi of the people of Mecca and then the Prophet menghijrahkah Muslims for 2 months out of town approximately 150 people except Abu Bakr and the Prophet but in the end he also had come to move. [18]
D. Propagation Period Rosulullah Medina
The main factor Rosulullah emigration to Madinah open solely because they aniyaya by nation Mecca (Quraysh tribe), but he got an invitation from Yathrib tribe to come to Medina as a peacemaker. [19] Upon arriving in Madinah Muhammad made an agreement called the Medina Charter. The agreement was made by the Jewish community, Christians, Anshor, and immigrants.
Some important steps undertaken by the Muhammad after arriving in Medina the Prophet Muhammad began to build the people by example that the first step is:
1. Set up the mosque to worship and meeting places
When he arrived in Medina masjidlah the bagunanya priorities, so that important matters could be discussed at the mosque. The mosque is made of palm leaf roofs and walls of stone and soil berasalal most diding is left open and the only illumination came from the straw. [20] Straw is lit only on things that are very important as evening prayers and so forth. Nine-year-old mosque was used in such conditions until eventually use the wall as a torch light.
2. unite the Emigrants and Anshor [21]
In order to strengthen the people of the state of Islam in Madinah, the Prophet Muhammad that Muslims unite with one another. It was intended also to add firmly the unity of Muslims and his close relationship Emigrants and Anshor.
3. Make a cooperation agreement
In order for the cooperation established between the newcomers and the locals then made an agreement between the three major groups namely Muslims, Arabs who have converted to Islam and Jews. The agreement is as follows:
a. Badr.
Badar war that occurred on 17 Ramadhan year 2 AH, [24] coincide on 8 January 623 BC. This war occurred near a well belonging to Badr is located between Mecca and Medina. The Muslims numbered 314 people, while pagan Quraysh numbered 1000 people complete with equipment, while the Muslims only with makeshift weapons alone.
Prophet in Badr war strategy by controlling water reservoirs. When the two armies faced each other then suddenly a pagan Quraysh named Aswad bin As'ad want to destroy the water storage pond owned by the Muslims but this can be thwarted by Hamzah bin Abdul Muttalib and Aswad was killed was hit with a sword.
b. Battle of Uhud
Furthermore Uhud happened in mid Sha'ban Hijri third year coincides with the month of January in the year 625 AD. Battle occurred at Mount Uhud, north of the city of Medina. Therefore this war is called the battle of Uhud. This was because the war Qurays want to avenge the defeat in the war of Badr before. The Muslims measuring 700 people while the Qurays berkuatan 3000 people. In this war of Muslims, led by Muhammad while the Qurays led by Abu Sufyan ibn Harb that at first the Muslims had won and the infidels leave his property, due to the Muslims, especially the archers down from his place to share the spoils. Finally the victory is in the hands now gone due to the enticements of the world, namely the spoils of war, victory changed hands to the Quraysh.
c. Battle of the Trench
Battle of the Trench (Ahzah) occurred in Shawwal year 5 AH, coinciding with March of the year 627 AD. This war north of the city of Medina. This was called the Trench (trench) because the Muslims make trenches. Known as the battle of Ahzab Qurays allied with other residents who were around the city of Mecca. The Muslims measuring 3,000 people while the magnitude Qurays 10000 people. The Muslims led by the Prophet Muhammad, accompanied by Ali bin Abi Talib, while the Qurays led by Abu Sufyan. This battle was won by the Muslims a way to survive behind the trenches or the Trench. This trench is the idea of a friend apostle named Salman Al Farisi a friend who came from the Persians who wander searching for the truth. [25]
[1] Badri Orphans, History of Islamic Civilization, PT. King Grafindo Persada, Jakarta, 2000, p. 16
[2] Ibid
[3] Ibid
[4] Ibid., P. 18
[5] M. Abdul Karim, History of Islamic Thought and Civilization, Yogyakarta: Library Book Publishers, 2007, p. 50
[6] Ibid., P 51
[7] Ibid., P. 52
[8] Ali Sodiqin et.all., History of Islamic Civilization (From the Classical Period To Modern), Yogyakarta: LESFI, 2009, p. 24
[9] Ibid., P. 25
[10] Ibid
[11] Badri Orphans, History of Islamic Civilization, Jakarta, PT. King Grafindo, 2001, p. 19
[12] H. Hasjmy, History of Islamic Culture, Jakarta, Crescent Star, 1997, p. 63
[13]http://id.shvoong.com/writing-and-speaking/presenting/2219299-dakwah-nabi-secara-terang-terangan/#ixzz2BcBcVyqM, October 14, 2011
[14] Badri Orphans, op.cit., P. 20-21
[15] Ibid
[16] Ibid., P 21-22
[17] Badri Orphans, op.cit., P. 23
[18] Ibid., P. 24-25
[19] M.Abdul Karim, op.cit., P 67
[20] Ibid., P. 68
[21] Ibid., Hal.69
[22] Ibid., Hal.69-30
[23] Ali Sodiqin ed.all., History of Islamic Civilization, Yogyakarta, LESFI, 2009, p. 32-33
[24] Ibid., P. 36
5
The Prophet Muhammad's father Abdullah and his mother Amina. However, his father died three months after marrying his mother. So the Prophet Muhammad was born in conditions of orphans. After birth further raised by Halimatuh Sa'diayyah for 4 years. After that he was treated by his biological mother until two years even at the age of 6 years old his mother Aminah died. After his mother died Muhammad cared for by his grandfather Abdul Muttalib ultimately died of age. Last treatment by pamanya Abu Talib. [2]
In the young age of the Prophet Muhammad worked as a goatherders. With honesty, he is believed to mengembalakan goat Arab nation at the time. Muhammad always menghidarkan himself from everything that despicable behavior until the end of Muhammad at the time dubbed al-amin trusted person. [3]
At the age of 25 years Prophet Muahmmad traveled to Syria (Sham) with the aim of carrying merchandise trade with the rich widow named Siti Khadijah. Then with him in the trade kepadaian the huge profits have been achieved. Siti Khadijah then proposed to her when she was 25 years old. The marriage took place between Muhammad and Siti Khadijah. The couple was blessed with 6 children 2 boys and 4 girls are Qosim, Abdullah, Zainab, Ruqayah, Umm Kalsum and Fatimah. The second son died when he was little. Prophet Muhammad did not marry again until age 50 years.
[4]
There are events would steeped in history where the Prophet Muhammad as a mediator between warring Qurays population of black stone laying them assume their groups have the right to put the black stone, so menyebekan pertikaiyan. Later at the time of Abu Umayya ibn al-Makhzumi Mughiro proposed that the decision be submitted to the people who first entered the door Shafa. Then the last known person who first entered the door Shafa is Muhammad then people Qurays agree on the proposals. Muhammad issued a brilliant idea that he took the cloth and made every tribe lifting the side of the fabric simultaneously. With so problems that arise can be resolved.
B. Pre-Islamic Civilization
In various historical literature can be encountered division of the Arab population. It was in accordance with the origin of the population, namely al-Arab al-Ba'idah (Ancient Arabic), Arabic al-Arabiyah (Arab Peribumi) and al-Arab al-Mustaribah (Arab immigrants). [5] The Arab Population in on population categories are not civilized ignorance either.
Before Islam the Arabs messy condition of women at that time did not mean anything, although there are some women who are famous at that time had authority in Arabic is like Umm Aufah, Kindah, and so all of them lived in Mecca, Medina and Yemen. [6 ] Women in the pre-Islamic period of no value as merchandise. Women in those days did not get the inheritance from their parents and even many parents assume that their child is no disgrace.
Another chaos that at that time many siblings marrying his brother, stepmother married her stepson,
and cases of child burials were still alive. At the burial tradition was carried on the tribe of Bani Tamim and Banu Asad. Furthermore, there is a woman who became head of the tribes and married more than one person. And after the birth of her determination and her father is determined by astrologers. [7] There is also a suwami wife who agreed to receive intelligent offspring, then the suwami mengatar his wife to prominent people to marry and when there are signs of pregnancy then the suwami pick up his wife.
C. defendant Rosulullah In Mecca Period
On the night of Monday 17 Ramadan 13 years before the Hegira coincide with the August 6 610 AD when the Prophet Muhammad seclusion in the Cave of Hira and God sent Gabriel to deliver the first revelation that the letter al-Alaq. [8] When complete revelation of the Prophet Muhammad came home with conditions shivering with fear. He asked for her to envelop he later recounted the incident that occurred in the Cave of Hira.
As a wife who sholeha in any condition are always trying to calm her husband's heart that was conducted by Khadijah. Khadijah Muhammad tried reassuring highly experienced turmoil at the time. After calming Muhammad, Khadija went to meet Waraqa ibn Nawfal [9]. Waraqah is the uncle of Siti Khadijah he is a Christian who knows many ancient texts.
Siti Khadijah tells the events experienced by suwaminya later said that the coming Waraqah it is Namus (Jibril). Then he explained at some point later on he will be expelled by his people from his home page. He hopes still alive in difficult times Messenger and will provide genuine relief to him.
When he slept and then down the verses of the Muddatsir. [10] Then he delivered to his wife about the commands Gabriel to convey his message to his people. Then he asked again that which his people. Thus revelation down both a coronation Rouslullah as a messenger of God.
The Prophet to begin preaching there are various methods of propaganda that is carried out by him include:
1. Propagation clandestinely
At this time Muhammad Saw proselytizing secretly within the family itself, and among colleagues. At first the first convert to Islam was wife of Muhammad then his cousin Ali ibn Abu Talib, Abu Bakr Asidiq, Zaid former slave who became his adopted son, Um Aimah caregivers Prophet since his mother is still alive [11]. Then followed by Ustman bin Affan, Jubair bin Awwam, Abdurahman bin Auf, Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqasah and Thahlah bin Ubaidullah presented to them under the Prophet and pledged to embrace Islam before the Prophet himself.
In the preparation of the heavy propaganda that the first missionary he prepares mentally and morally. Therefore, he invites people or Muslims to:
1. The Oneness of God;
2. Purifying and cleanse the soul and heart;
3. Strengthening the line;
4. The merging of self-interest above the interests of the congregation. [12]
2. Propagation blatant
The next step calls missionary society in general. The Prophet called on the nobility and the entire community of Quraysh. At first the Prophet simply calling on the residents of Mecca and continued calling on residents outside Mecca openly. Muhammad aggressively publicize that people converted to Islam, then at that time, he invites all Muslims to perform the pilgrimage.
Another time, the gala event was held back. This time, the invited guests started listening to the words of the Prophet, but none of them responded positively. It does not make the Prophet and his companions broke directions, but make the spirit of the Prophet and his companions and his message is getting expanded to a speech held when the Messenger open on the hill Sofa. The speech contains about apostleship. Prophet summoned all the inhabitants of Mecca and informs them that he was sent to invite them to leave Paganism (worship of idols). He explains that the god that must be worshiped only God. Hearing this the society Qurays startled, they were very angry because of this and insulting tradition and honor their ancestors. The magnifying Qurays yell and curse the Prophet with a bang. They assume that Muhammad was crazy even his uncle Abu Lahab was threatening Messenger hard.
[13]
Quraiys leader with a loyal propaganda against Muhammad SAW. Qurays leaders feel that the more advanced the greater propaganda Rosulullah challenge the Quraysh. There are 5 factors driving the tribe Quraysh against Muhammad Saw namely:
1. They can not distinguish between the prophetic and power;
2. Prophet Muhammad called for equality between nobles and slaves. It is not approved by the nobility Qurays.
3. The Qurays can not accept the doctrine of the resurrection and vengeance in the afterlife
4. imitation ancestors are habits that are rooted in the Arab nation.
5. sculptor and sculpture sellers see Islam as a barrier sustenance [14].
From the above reasons are many ways by the Quraysh that Muhammad did not spread Islam. The first group threatening way Qurays Rosulullah but that does not work is done by people Qurays. Then the second Qurays launch a movement to send Walid ibn Mughirah to bring Umarah ibn Walid, a handsome handsome to be exchanged with the Prophet Muhammad. Walid said to Abu Talib: 'He became a child pose your brother, but hand Muhammad to us to kill' is a direct suggestion vehemently denied by Abu Talib. [15]
Another way to use and other strategies to stop preaching Muhammad Saw. Thirdly they sent Utbah ibn Rabiah he is rhetoricians to persuade the Prophet. Then offered to the prophet throne, women, and treasures. But Muhammad refused and said: 'By Allah, even if they put the sun in my right hand and my left hand a month I will not stop doing this, up to this religion prevail or I perish thereby'. [16] Furthermore, the fourth way is to block the propaganda Rosulullah torture, killing and menganiyaya friend Rosululllah, many employers torturing slaves who converted to Islam.
The fifth way, after various upheavals and conflicts of Mecca with various percobaab murder he eventually had to flee in a cave Tsur during conditions are safe (three nights). Even this does not work then switched sixth way, they use way to trade meboikot Bani Hashim. Then Muhammad preaching in the area Tharif mocked Prophet, cheered, and stoned even injured on his head and badanya. [17] After a variety intimindasi of the people of Mecca and then the Prophet menghijrahkah Muslims for 2 months out of town approximately 150 people except Abu Bakr and the Prophet but in the end he also had come to move. [18]
D. Propagation Period Rosulullah Medina
The main factor Rosulullah emigration to Madinah open solely because they aniyaya by nation Mecca (Quraysh tribe), but he got an invitation from Yathrib tribe to come to Medina as a peacemaker. [19] Upon arriving in Madinah Muhammad made an agreement called the Medina Charter. The agreement was made by the Jewish community, Christians, Anshor, and immigrants.
Some important steps undertaken by the Muhammad after arriving in Medina the Prophet Muhammad began to build the people by example that the first step is:
1. Set up the mosque to worship and meeting places
When he arrived in Medina masjidlah the bagunanya priorities, so that important matters could be discussed at the mosque. The mosque is made of palm leaf roofs and walls of stone and soil berasalal most diding is left open and the only illumination came from the straw. [20] Straw is lit only on things that are very important as evening prayers and so forth. Nine-year-old mosque was used in such conditions until eventually use the wall as a torch light.
2. unite the Emigrants and Anshor [21]
In order to strengthen the people of the state of Islam in Madinah, the Prophet Muhammad that Muslims unite with one another. It was intended also to add firmly the unity of Muslims and his close relationship Emigrants and Anshor.
3. Make a cooperation agreement
In order for the cooperation established between the newcomers and the locals then made an agreement between the three major groups namely Muslims, Arabs who have converted to Islam and Jews. The agreement is as follows:
- Each group is guaranteed freedom of religion;From the description above the Medina Charter agreement there is some core of the successor agreement which speaks of equality, tolerance, consensus, mutual help, and justice. [23] Islam as a new religion is increasingly growing cause there are some groups who are jealous of its development. Various ways pembunuhanpun experiments carried out by the Jews, hypocrites, and pagan Quraysh and their allies. To answer this problem then the solution is given by God to the war. As for the battle that never happened, namely:
- Each group member has the right to punish the guilty;
- Each group should help each other in maintaining the Medina both Muslims and non-Muslims;
- The inhabitants of Medina agreed to appoint Muhammad as leader and giving legal decisions all things that confronted him;
- Put the cornerstone of political, economic, and social for Medina newly formed country. [22]
a. Badr.
Badar war that occurred on 17 Ramadhan year 2 AH, [24] coincide on 8 January 623 BC. This war occurred near a well belonging to Badr is located between Mecca and Medina. The Muslims numbered 314 people, while pagan Quraysh numbered 1000 people complete with equipment, while the Muslims only with makeshift weapons alone.
Prophet in Badr war strategy by controlling water reservoirs. When the two armies faced each other then suddenly a pagan Quraysh named Aswad bin As'ad want to destroy the water storage pond owned by the Muslims but this can be thwarted by Hamzah bin Abdul Muttalib and Aswad was killed was hit with a sword.
b. Battle of Uhud
Furthermore Uhud happened in mid Sha'ban Hijri third year coincides with the month of January in the year 625 AD. Battle occurred at Mount Uhud, north of the city of Medina. Therefore this war is called the battle of Uhud. This was because the war Qurays want to avenge the defeat in the war of Badr before. The Muslims measuring 700 people while the Qurays berkuatan 3000 people. In this war of Muslims, led by Muhammad while the Qurays led by Abu Sufyan ibn Harb that at first the Muslims had won and the infidels leave his property, due to the Muslims, especially the archers down from his place to share the spoils. Finally the victory is in the hands now gone due to the enticements of the world, namely the spoils of war, victory changed hands to the Quraysh.
c. Battle of the Trench
Battle of the Trench (Ahzah) occurred in Shawwal year 5 AH, coinciding with March of the year 627 AD. This war north of the city of Medina. This was called the Trench (trench) because the Muslims make trenches. Known as the battle of Ahzab Qurays allied with other residents who were around the city of Mecca. The Muslims measuring 3,000 people while the magnitude Qurays 10000 people. The Muslims led by the Prophet Muhammad, accompanied by Ali bin Abi Talib, while the Qurays led by Abu Sufyan. This battle was won by the Muslims a way to survive behind the trenches or the Trench. This trench is the idea of a friend apostle named Salman Al Farisi a friend who came from the Persians who wander searching for the truth. [25]
[1] Badri Orphans, History of Islamic Civilization, PT. King Grafindo Persada, Jakarta, 2000, p. 16
[2] Ibid
[3] Ibid
[4] Ibid., P. 18
[5] M. Abdul Karim, History of Islamic Thought and Civilization, Yogyakarta: Library Book Publishers, 2007, p. 50
[6] Ibid., P 51
[7] Ibid., P. 52
[8] Ali Sodiqin et.all., History of Islamic Civilization (From the Classical Period To Modern), Yogyakarta: LESFI, 2009, p. 24
[9] Ibid., P. 25
[10] Ibid
[11] Badri Orphans, History of Islamic Civilization, Jakarta, PT. King Grafindo, 2001, p. 19
[12] H. Hasjmy, History of Islamic Culture, Jakarta, Crescent Star, 1997, p. 63
[13]http://id.shvoong.com/writing-and-speaking/presenting/2219299-dakwah-nabi-secara-terang-terangan/#ixzz2BcBcVyqM, October 14, 2011
[14] Badri Orphans, op.cit., P. 20-21
[15] Ibid
[16] Ibid., P 21-22
[17] Badri Orphans, op.cit., P. 23
[18] Ibid., P. 24-25
[19] M.Abdul Karim, op.cit., P 67
[20] Ibid., P. 68
[21] Ibid., Hal.69
[22] Ibid., Hal.69-30
[23] Ali Sodiqin ed.all., History of Islamic Civilization, Yogyakarta, LESFI, 2009, p. 32-33
[24] Ibid., P. 36
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